Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences

Peptik Ülser Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Farmakognozik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi: Geleneksel Derleme
Evaluation of Some Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Used in the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer in Terms of Pharmacognosy: Traditional Review
Ecem HESEKİa , Ahsen Sevde ÇINAR KOÇb , Belma KONUKLUGİLb
aLokman Hekim Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Ankara, Türkiye
bLokman Hekim Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmasötik Botanik/Farmakognozi ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
J Lit Pharm Sci. 2024;13(1):28-34
doi: 10.5336/pharmsci.2023-98907
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Fitoterapi terimi, tıbbi bitkilerin hastalıkların tedavi edilmesi ya da tedaviye yardımcı olması amacıyla kullanılması olarak tanımlanmakta ve günümüzde birçok hastalığın tedavi sürecine destek olmak amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Peptik ülser, dünya popülasyonunun %5- 10'unda yaşam boyunca en az bir kere görülen, mide, duodenum veya özofagusta rastlanan, asit veya pepsinden kaynaklanan bir doku kaybı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Uygulanan konvansiyonel tedavinin yan etkileri, tedavi maliyeti, Helicobacter pylori'nin antimikrobiyal ilaçlara karşı direnç göstermesi, ülserasyonların tekrarlaması gibi sebeplerden dolayı alternatif tedavi yöntemleri ilgi çekmiş ve tıbbi bitkilerin kullanıldığı tamamlayıcı tedaviler araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Peptik ülser hastalığının önlemesinde ve/veya tedavi edilmesinde, geleneksel olarak kullanılan bitkiler içinde üzerinde klinik çalışma yapılmış bazı bitkiler Glycyrrhiza glabra, Nigella sativa, Zingiber officinale; üzerinde in vivo çalışma yapılmış bazı bitkiler Allium sativum, Camellia sinensis, Carum carvi, Foeniculum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, Laurus nobilis, Matricaria chamomilla, Momordica charantia, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Olea europaea, Thymus vulgaris bu derleme için seçilip değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirme sonucunda, tıbbi bitkilerin üzerinde yapılan bilimsel araştırmaların sayısında artış olmasına rağmen klinik çalışmalarının kapsamlı şekilde yapılmaması, etki mekanizmalarının aydınlatılmaması, yan etki profillerinin detaylı olarak raporlanmaması gibi eksiklikler nedeniyle tıbbi bitkilerden elde edilen güvenilir preparatların üretilmesinin zorlaştığı belirlenmiştir. Bu eksikliklerin giderilmesiyle birlikte yeni geliştirilecek preparat ve ilaçların hem doğal kaynaklı ilaç hammaddeleri hakkındaki çalışmalara hem de insan sağlığına önemli ölçüde etkisi olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Fitoterapi; tibbi bitkiler; peptik ülser
ABSTRACT
 The term phytotherapy is defined as the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases or to assist treatment and is used today to support the treatment process of many diseases. Peptic ulcer is defined as a tissue loss caused by acid or pepsin, occurring in the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus at least once in a lifetime in 5- 10% of the world population. Alternative treatment methods have attracted attention due to the side effects of conventional treatment, cost of treatment, resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antimicrobial drugs, recurrence of ulcerations and complementary therapies using medicinal plants have begun to be investigated. Some plants that have been clinically studied in the traditionally used plants for the prevention and/or treatment of peptic ulcer disease Glycyrrhiza glabra, Nigella sativa, and Zingiber officinale; some plants on which in vivo studies have been conducted are Allium sativum, Camellia sinensis, Carum carvi, Foeniculum vulgare, Hypericum perforatum, Laurus nobilis, Matricaria chamomilla, Momordica charantia, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Olea europaea, Thymus vulgaris selected and evaluated for this review. As a result of this evaluation, despite the increase in the number of scientific studies on medicinal plants, it has been determined that it is difficult to produce reliable preparations obtained from medicinal plants due to deficiencies such as clinical studies are not carried out comprehensively, the mechanism of action is not clarified and the side effect profiles are not reported in detail. With the elimination of these deficiencies, it is thought that the new preparations and drugs to be developed will have a significant impact on both the studies on natural origin drug raw materials and human health.

Keywords: Phytotherapy; medicinal plants; peptic ulcer
REFERENCES:
  1. Dişli M, Yeşilada E. Türkiye 'de Bitkisel Tıbbi Ürünler (Türkiye'de Bitkisel Ürünlerin Standardizasyonu, Üretimi ve Tağşiş) [Herbal Medicinal Products in Turkey (Standardization, Production and Adulteration of Herbal Products in Turkey)]. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research. 2019;3:13-21. [Crossref] 
  2. Leite PM, Camargos LM, Castilho RO. Recent progress in phytotherapy: A Brazilian perspective. Eur J Integr Med. 2021;41:101270. [Crossref] 
  3. Schilcher H. Phytotherapy and classical medicine. J Herbs Spices Med Plants. 1994;2(3):71-80. [Crossref] 
  4. Müslümanoğlu AY, Tayfun K. Türkiye'de geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp'da fitoterapi hangi aşamada. Canat HL, Kadıoğlu A, editörler. Genito-üriner Hastalıklarda Fitote
  5. Akkaya NE. Peptik ülser perforasyonlarının graham rafi ile onarımında batın dreninin yeri [Uzmanlık tezi]. İstanbul: Haseki Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi; 2008. (Erişim tarihi: 12.04.2023) [Link] 
  6. Serafim C, Araruna ME, Júnior EA, Diniz M, Hiruma-Lima C, Batista L. A review of the role of flavonoids in peptic ulcer (2010-2020). Molecules. 2020;25(22):5431. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  7. Kılıçarslan H, Kalyon S, Yenice N. Peptik ülser etyopatogenezi [etiopathogenesis of peptic ulser]. Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi. 2011;27(2):65-9. [Crossref] 
  8. Ergin A, Güneş Y, Taşdelen İ, Fersahoğlu MM, Bulut NE, Çakmak A, et al. Peptik Ülser Perforasyonu Tedavisinde Laparoskopik ve Konvansiyonel Onarımın Karşılaştırılması. Bosphorus Medical Journal. 2022;9(2):73-80. [Link] 
  9. Gupta M, Kapoor B, Gupta R, Singh N. Plants and phytochemicals for treatment of peptic ulcer: An overview. S Afr J Bot. 2021;138:105-14. [Crossref] 
  10. Kavitt RT, Lipowska AM, Anyane-Yeboa A, Gralnek IM. Diagnosis and Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease. Am J Med. 2019;132(4):447-56. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Kuna L, Jakab J, Smolic R, Raguz-Lucic N, Vcev A, Smolic M. Peptic ulcer disease: a brief review of conventional therapy and herbal treatment options. J Clin Med. 2019;8(2):179. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  12. Tadesse TY, Zeleke MM, Dagnew SB. Review of Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Evidence of Some Ethiopian Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used for Peptic Ulcer Disease Treatment. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2022;15:171-87. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  13. El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, El-Mleeh A, Abdel-Daim MM, Prasad Devkota H. Traditional Uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, and Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae). Biomolecules. 2020;10(3):352. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  14. European Medicines Agency [Internet]. © 1995 - 2024 European Medicines Agency [Cited: 08.05.2023]. Liquiritiae Radix-Herbal Medicinal Product. Available from: [Link] 
  15. Jalilzadeh-Amin G, Najarnezhad V, Anassori E, Mostafavi M, Keshipour H. Antiulcer properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extract on experimental models of gastric ulcer in mice. Iran J Pharm Res. 2015;14(4):1163-70. [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  16. Goorani S, Zhaleh M, Zangeneh A, Koohi MK, Rashidi K, Moradi R, et al. The aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra effectively prevents induced gastroduodenal ulcers: Experimental study on Wistar rats. Comp Clin Pathol. 2019;28(1):339-47. [Crossref] 
  17. Momeni A, Rahimian G, Kiasi A, Amiri M, Kheiri S. Effect of licorice versus bismuth on eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Pharmacognosy Res. 2014;6(4):341-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  18. Kooti W, Hasanzadeh-Noohi Z, Sharafi-Ahvazi N, Asadi-Samani M, Ashtary-Larky D. Phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic uses of black seed (Nigella sativa). Chin J Nat Med. 2016;14(10):732-45. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  19. Ali BH, Blunden G. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother Res. 2003;17(4):299-305. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Manjegowda SB, Rajagopal HM, Dharmesh SM. Polysaccharide of Black cumin (Nigella sativa) modulates molecular signaling cascade of gastric ulcer pathogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;101:823-36. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  21. Al Mofleh IA, Alhaider AA, Mossa JS, Al-Sohaibani MO, Al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, et al. Gastroprotective effect of an aqueous suspension of black cumin Nigella sativa on necrotizing agents-induced gastric injury in experimental animals. Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(3):128-34. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  22. Alizadeh-Naini M, Yousefnejad H, Hejazi N. The beneficial health effects of Nigella sativa on Helicobacter pylori eradication, dyspepsia symptoms, and quality of life in infected patients: A pilot study. Phytother Res. 2020;34(6):1367-76. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Bayar FU. Doğadan gelen mucize: Zencefil (Zingiber officinale) [The miracle from the nature: ginger (Zingiber officinale)]. Bahçe. 2020;49(2):99-110. [Link] 
  24. European Medicines Agency [Internet]. © 1995 - 2024 European Medicines Agency [Cited: 20.05.2023]. Zingiberis rhizoma - herbal medicinal product. Available from: [Link] 
  25. Airaodion AI, Ogbuagu U, Ogbuagu EO, Airaodion EO, Agunbiade AP, Oloruntoba AP, et al. Investigation of aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale root potential in the prevention of peptic ulcer in albino rats. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science. 2019;4(2):64-7. [Link] 
  26. Minaian M, Ghannadi A, Karimzadeh AR. Anti-ulcerogenic effect of ginger (rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on cystemine induced duodenal ulcer in rats. DARU J Pharm Sci. 2006;14(2):97-101. [Link] 
  27. Anosike CA, Obidoa O, Ezeanyika LU, Nwuba MM. Anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activity of the ethanol extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Afr J Biochem Res. 2009;3(12):379-84. [Link] 
  28. Ebrahimzadeh Attari V, Somi MH, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Ostadrahimi A, Moaddab SY, Lotfi N. The Gastro-protective Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in Helicobacter pylori Positive Functional Dyspepsia. Adv Pharm Bull. 2019;9(2):321-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  29. Khosla P, Karan RS, Bhargava VK. Effect of garlic oil on ethanol induced gastric ulcers in rats. Phytother Res. 2004;18(1):87-91. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  30. Azamthulla M, Asad M, Prasad VS. Antiulcer activity of Allium sativum bulb juice in rats. Saudi Pharm J. 2009;17(1):70-7. [Link] 
  31. Ratnasooriya WD, Fernando S. Gastric ulcer healing activity of Sri Lankan black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2009;5(19):260-5. [Link] 
  32. Omar MS, Adnan NN, Kumolosasi E, Azmi N, Damanhuri NS, Buang F. Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract reduces peptic ulcer induced by Helicobacter pylori in Sprague Dawley rats. Sains Malays. 2020;49(11):2793-800. [Crossref] 
  33. Baananou S, Bagdonaite E, Marongiu B, Piras A, Porcedda S, Falconieri D, et al. Extraction of the volatile oil from Carum carvi of Tunisia and Lithuania by supercritical carbon dioxide: chemical composition and antiulcerogenic activity. Nat Prod Res. 2013;27(22):2132-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  34. Swathi V, Kumar VS, Abdul Rahaman SK, Male A, Varalakshmi T. In vivo Screenıng of analgesıc and antıulcer activity on Carum carvi seeds. Int J Drug. Dev & Res. 2017;9(3):18-24. [Link] 
  35. Birdane FM, Cemek M, Birdane YO, Gülçin I, Büyükokuroğlu ME. Beneficial effects of Foeniculum vulgare on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(4):607-11. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  36. Benabdallah H, Benchikh F, Mamache W, Amira H, Amira S. Anti-ulcer, analgesic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare Mill seeds. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology. (TURJAF). 2022;10(10):2010-5. [Crossref] 
  37. Zdunić G, Godevac D, Milenković M, Vucićević D, Savikin K, Menković N, et al. Evaluation of Hypericum perforatum oil extracts for an antiinflammatory and gastroprotective activity in rats. Phytother Res. 2009;23(11):1559-64. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  38. Sofi SH, Nuraddin SM, Amin ZA, Al-Bustany HA, Nadir MQ. Gastroprotective activity of Hypericum perforatum extract in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in Wistar rats: A possible involvement of H+/K+ ATPase α inhibition. Heliyon. 2020;6(10):e05249. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  39. Gürbüz I, Ustün O, Yeşilada E, Sezik E, Akyürek N. In vivo gastroprotective effects of five Turkish folk remedies against ethanol-induced lesions. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002;83(3):241-4. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  40. Speroni E, Cervellati R, Dall'Acqua S, Guerra MC, Greco E, Govoni P, et al. Gastroprotective effect and antioxidant properties of different Laurus nobilis L. leaf extracts. J Med Food. 2011;14(5):499-504. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  41. Karbalay-Doust S, Noorafshan A. Antiulcerogenic effects of Matricaria chamomilla extract in experimental gastric ulcer in mice. Iran J Med Sci. 2009;34(3):198-203. [Link] 
  42. Cemek M, Yilmaz E, Büyükokuroğlu ME. Protective effect of Matricaria chamomilla on ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rats. Pharm Biol. 2010;48(7):757-63. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  43. Saberi A, Abbasloo E, Sepehri G, Yazdanpanah M, Mirkamandari E, Sheibani V, et al. The Effects of Methanolic Extract of Melissa officinalis on Experimental Gastric Ulcers in Rats. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(7):e24271. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  44. Juee LYM, Sofi SH, Adham AN. Melissa officinalis gastroprotective and antioxidant efficacy. J Funct Foods. 2023;105:105550. [Crossref] 
  45. Rafatullah S, Al-Mofleh I, Alhaider A, Mossa J, Al-Sohaibani M, Qureshi S. Antisecretagogue, antiulcer and cytoprotective effects of 'Peppermint' Mentha piperita L. in laboratory animals. J Med Sci. 2006;6(6):930-6. [Crossref] 
  46. Zangeneh MM, Salmani S, Zangeneh A, Bahrami E, Almasi M. Antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Mentha piperita in Wistar rats. Comp Clin Path. 2019;28:411-8. [Crossref] 
  47. Gürbüz I, Akyüz C, Yeşilada E, Sener B. Anti-ulcerogenic effect of Momordica charantia L. fruits on various ulcer models in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;71(1-2):77-82. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  48. Abu Bakar N', Hakim Abdullah MN, Lim V, Yong YK. Essential Oils Derived from Momordica charantia Seeds Exhibited Antiulcer Activity against Hydrogen Chloride/Ethanol and Indomethacin. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:5525584. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  49. Dekanski D, Janićijević-Hudomal S, Tadić V, Marković G, Arsić I, Mitrović DM. Phytochemical analysis and gastroprotective activity of an olive leaf extract. J Serbian Chem Soc. 2009;74(4):367-77. [Crossref] 
  50. Al-Quraishy S, Othman MS, Dkhil MA, Abdel Moneim AE. Olive (Olea europaea) leaf methanolic extract prevents HCl/ethanol-induced gastritis in rats by attenuating inflammation and augmenting antioxidant enzyme activities. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;91:338-349. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  51. Shaban NS, Tohamy MA, El-Banna HA, Abeer MR, El-Gendy AA, Asmaa IO. Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of ethanolic extract of Thymus vulgaris. World J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2015;4(10):1988-2001. [Link] 
  52. Chama Z, Titsaoui D, Benabbou A, Hakem R, Djellouli B. Effect of Thymus vulgaris oil on the growth of Helicobacter pylori. South Asian J Exp Biol. 2020;10(6):374-82. [Crossref] 

.: Up To Date

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com