Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

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Osmanlı Devleti'nin Son Dönemleri ile Cumhuriyet'in İlk Dönemlerinde İlk Kadın Hekimlerin Türk Sağlık Sistemine İştiraklarının Döneme Yansımalarının Değerlendirilmesi: Geleneksel Araştırma
Evaluation of the Period Reflections of the Participations of the First Women Physicians in the Last Period of the Ottoman State and the First Periods of the Republic: A Traditional Research
Hülya ÖZTÜRKa, Atiye EMİROĞLUb
aEskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik ABD, Eskişehir, Türkiye
bKaramanoğlu Mehmet Bey Üniversitesi, Ermenek Meslek Yüksekokulu, Karaman, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2023;31(1):34-43
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2022-92549
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Türkiye'de kadınların tıp eğitimine başlayabilmeleri uzun ve zor bir süreci içine almaktadır. Osmanlı Devleti'nin son dönemlerinde kurulan Modern Tıp okullarına kadınlar uzun süre hekim olarak kabul edilmemiş, kadınların tıp fakültesine hekim olarak girişleri 1909 yılında İstanbul Darülfünunun kuruluşunun sonraki yıllarında gerçekleşmiştir. İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, XX. yüzyılın başlarına değin kadın tıp talebesi kabul etmemiştir. Osmanlı Devleti'nde siyasi erki elinde bulunduran erkeklerin ve kamuoyunun bakış açısı değiştikçe, kadınların hekim olma süreçlerinde de değişiklikler yaşanmıştır. Kadın hekimlerin sağlık sistemi içerisinde yer alışlarının geçirdiği evreler, dönemin arşiv ve gazeteleri ışığında incelenmiş, kadın hekimlere bakış açısının değişimi kronolojik olarak ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma, süreli yayın olarak adlandırılan dönemin gazete ve dergileri ile Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Başbakanlık Cumhuriyet Arşivleri ile Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Tutanak ve Zabıt Cerideleri göz önüne alınarak Ekim 2021-Haziran 2022 tarihleri arasında arşiv taramaları 1850 ve 1940 yıllarını kapsayacak şekilde sürmüştür. Osmanlı Türkçesi ile yazılmış belgeler yazarlar tarafından transkribe edilerek metin içerisinde kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, dönemin önemli süreli yayınlarından olan Servet-i Fünun, Kadınlar Dünyası, Sebîlürreşâd, İkdam, Tanin, Akşam, Cumhuriyet ve Milliyet gibi önemli gazetelerde ilk kadın hekimlerinin sağlık sistemine iştirakleri ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Kadın hekimlerin sağlık alanına iştirakleri, ülkemizde Dr. Zaruhi ile başlayan ve hâlâ devam eden bir süreçtir. Kadınların hekim olma süreçleri, dönemin önemli bazı hekimleri-siyaset ehli ve süreli yayınlarınca desteklenmiş, Ekim 1922 yılında ülkemizde kadın hekimler tıp eğitimine başlayabilmiş, 1928 yılında ise mezun olan kadın hekimler stajlarını tamamlayarak diplomalarını almışlardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Darülfünun Tıp Fakültesinde ilk kadın hekimler; ilk kadın doktorlar; tıp tarihi
ABSTRACT
 It takes a long and difficult process for women to start medical education in Türkiye. Women were not accepted as physicians for a long time in the Modern Medicine schools established in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, and women entered the medical faculty as physicians in 1909, in the later years of the establishment of the İstanbul Darülfünun. İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine did not accept female medical students until the beginning of the 20th century. In the Ottoman Empire, as the point of view of the men and the public, who held political power, changed, there were changes in the process of becoming a physician for women. The phases of female physicians' participation in the health system were examined in the light of archives and newspapers of the period, and the change in the perspective of female physicians was tried to be revealed chronologically. The archive scans continued between October 2021 and June 2022, covering the years 1850 and 1940, taking into account the newspapers and magazines of the period, which are called periodicals, as well as the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives, the Prime Ministry Republican Archives, and the Turkish Grand National Assembly Minutes and Minutes. Documents written in Ottoman Turkish were transcribed by the authors and used in the text. In the study, it was tried to reveal the participation of the first female physicians in the health system in important newspapers such as Servet-i Fünun, Kadın Dünyası, Sebîlürreşâd, İkdam, Tanin, Akşam, Cumhuriyet and Milliyet, which were important periodicals of the period. Participation of female physicians in the field of health in our country, Dr. It is a process that started with Zaruhi and is still continuing. The process of women becoming a physician was supported by some important physicians, politicians and periodicals of the period. In October 1922, female physicians in our country were able to start their medical education, and in 1928, female physicians graduated from and received their diplomas by completing their internships.

Keywords: Female doctors in Darülfünun Medicine Faculty; first female doctors; history of medicine
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