Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

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Kalıtım Tarihinde Bir Biyografi Çalışması: Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)
A Biographical Study in the History of Heredity: Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)
Ayşe KURTOĞLUa, Berna ARDAa
aTıp Tarihi ve Etik AD, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2019;27(2):162-77
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2019-65409
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Yirminci yüzyılın başında bilimsel araştırmaları; kuşak, kalıtsallık veya kalıtım ile ilgili araştırmalardan ayırmak amacıyla türetilen genetik terimi, yine bu yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren embriyoloji ve evrim ile birlikte daha karmaşık bir alan olarak biyolojinin ayrı bir disiplini hâline gelmiştir. Kalıtımı, özellikle genleri inceleyen genetik; tıp, biyoteknoloji ve tarım gibi alanlarla yakın ilişki içerisindedir ve günümüzde bilimsel alanın önde gelen disiplinlerinden biri hâline gelmiştir. Kalıtım ise belirli karakterlerin ebeveynlerden yavrularına aktarıldığı tüm biyolojik süreçlerin toplamıdır. Kalıtım tarihi içerisinde Gregor Johann Mendel'in 19. yüzyılın ortalarında Pisum bitkilerini kullanarak yaptığı çaprazlama deneyleri oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Mendel'in gerçekleştirdiği bu deneylerde karakter özelliklerini gözlemlemesi ve çalışmalarından elde ettiği sonuçlardan ortaya koyduğu kalıtım kuramı, Charles Darwin'in evrim kuramı ile bugünkü biyolojinin kuramsal temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, biyografik tarih çalışması yapılmış, genetiğin kurucusu olarak kabul edilen Gregor Johann Mendel'in kalıtım tarihindeki yerinin, hayatının, çalışmalarının, bilimsel yönteminin ve arka planının anlatılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda, ilk olarak Mendel öncesi kalıtım düşüncesi işlenmiştir. Kalıtım tarihine bakıldığında, tarihöncesi dönemlerden itibaren bilinçli ya da bilinçsiz olarak karakter seçiminin yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, ilk olarak tarih öncesi döneme değinilmiş, ardından Antik Yunan'daki kalıtım ile ilgili temel düşüncelere yer verilmiştir. On yedinci yüzyıldan itibaren bitki çaprazlama çalışmalarında bir artış yaşandığı görülmektedir. Ancak, konuyu sınırlandırmak amacıyla, makale kapsamında, Mendel'in çalışmalarına öncülük eden ve Mendel'in de kendi çalışmasında atıfta bulunduğu botanikçilere ve Mendel'in çağdaşı olan Charles Darwin'in kalıtım ile ilgili görüşlerine yer verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Tıp tarihi; genetik; kalıtım; kalıtım tarihi; gregor johann mendel
ABSTRACT
 The term genetics which was derived to distinguish the scientific researches, from the researches on generation or heredity at the beginning of the 20th century. From the middle of this century it has become a separate discipline of biology as a more complex field with embryology and evolution. Heredity is in close relationship which areas such as genetics, medicine, biotechnology and agriculture. Today, it has become one of the leading disciplines of the scientific field. Heredity is all biological processes in which certain characteristics are transferred from parents to their generation. In the history of heredity, Gregor Johann Mendel's experiments by using Pisum plants in the mid-19th century have a significant place. Observing the characters of Pisum by Mendel and the theory of heredity which he elaborated with the results of his studies constitute the theoretical basis of today's biology with Darwin's theory of evolution. In this article, a biographical history study was conducted, and Mendel's, who is accepted as the founder of genetics, role in the history of heredity, his life, the methods used in his studies and the background of his studies are explained in detailed. In this context, firstly, the idea of heredity in the pre-Mendel period was studied. Looking at the history of heredity, from prehistoric times it has been seen that the select of character is done consciously or unconsciously. Therefore, the prehistoric period was first mentioned, then basic ideas on heredity in Ancient Greece were included. It is observed that there is an increase in the plant hybridization studies from the 17th century. However, in order to limit the study, within the scope of the article, the views of Mendel's contemporary botanists and the view of on heredity Charles Darwin's who was Mendel's contemporary were also included.

Keywords: History of medicine; genetics; heredity; history of genetics; gregor johann mendel
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