Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences

Geleneksel Çin Tıbbı ve Kullanılan Bitkiler: Geleneksel Derleme
Traditional Chinese Medicine and Plants: Traditional Review
Pelin TAŞTANa
aEge Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmakognozi ABD, İzmir, TÜRKİYE
J Lit Pharm Sci. 2021;10(3):285-95
doi: 10.5336/pharmsci.2020-79574
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Tarih boyunca insanlığın var olmasıyla beraber, çeşitli hastalıklar ortaya çıkmış ve bu hastalıklara çözüm bulmak için doğadan ve deneyimlerden edinilen bilgilerle geleneksel tedavi yöntemlerinin ve dolayısıyla da geleneksel tıbbın temelleri atılmıştır. Dünya genelinde pek çok farklı geleneksel tıp uygulamaları ve bunlara ait farklı tedavi yöntemleri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, günümüzde dahi kullanımı yaygın olan tedavi yöntemlerini içinde barındıran geleneksel Çin tıbbı üzerinde durulmuştur. Geleneksel Çin tıbbı, birçok tedavi metodunun çok büyük bir hızla güncelliğini kaybettiği ve yerini modern tıp tedavi yöntemlerine bıraktığı günümüz koşullarında bile önemini korumaktadır. Hatta gün geçtikçe geleneksel Çin tıbbı üzerindeki ilgi yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu yüzden bu derlemede, geleneksel Çin tıbbının tarihçesi, kaynakları, tedavi yöntemleri, esasları ve prensipleri hakkındaki literatür çalışmaları incelenerek değerlendirilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra geleneksel Çin tıbbında tedavide kullanılan bitkilerden bahsedilmiş, yapılmış olan çalışmalar esas alınarak bu bitkilerin önemi vurgulanmış ve en sık kullanılan bitkiler üzerinde durulmuştur. Günümüzde hâlâ kullanılmakta olan tedavi yöntemleri hakkında bilgiler verilmiş, modern tıp uygulamaları ile benzerliklerine değinilmiştir. Bunun yanında, bu uygulamaların güncelliğini korumasından dolayı gelecekte atılması uygun olan adımların önemi belirtilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Geleneksel tıp; Çin tıbbı; qi enerjisi; akupunktur; tıbbi bitkiler
ABSTRACT
 Throughout history, with the existence of humanity, various diseases have arisen, and in order to find solutions to these diseases, the foundations of traditional treatment methods and therefore traditional medicine have been laid with the knowledge obtained from nature and experience. There are many different traditional treatment methods around the world. In this study, traditional Chinese medicine, which includes the most common treatment methods even today, has been focused on. Traditional Chinese medicine maintains its importance even in today's conditions, where many treatment methods are rapidly becoming outdated and replaced by modern medical treatment methods. In fact, interest in traditional Chinese medicine is increasing day by day. Therefore, in this review, the history of traditional Chinese medicine, treatment methods, principles and literature studies used have been examined and evaluated. In addition, the plants used in traditional Chinese medicine were mentioned, the importance of these plants was emphasized based on the studies conducted and the most frequently used plants were emphasized. The treatment methods that are still used today are mentioned, and their similarities with modern medical practices are mentioned. In addition, the importance of the appropriate steps to be taken in the future was emphasized, since these applications are kept up to date.

Keywords: Traditional medicine; Chinese medicine; qi energy; acupuncture; medicinal herbs
REFERENCES:
  1. World Health Organization. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-2005. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. p.1-74. [Link] 
  2. Donald JH. Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts. 1st ed. London and New York: Kegan Paul International; 1998. [Link] 
  3. Nuget-Head JA. The first materia medica: the shen nong ben cao jing. The Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2014;104:24-8. [Link] 
  4. Okuno S. [On the "brain is the house of Yuanshen" in "Bencao Gangmu"; from Li Shizhen to Zhang Xichun]. Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi. 2011;57(1):39-50. [PubMed] 
  5. Unschuld PU, Zheng, J. Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang medical manuscripts. London and New York: Routledge Curzon; 2005. p.19-44. [Link] 
  6. Chan K. Chinese medicinal materials and their interface with Western medical concepts. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005;4;96(1-2):1-18. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  7. Chung VC, Ma PH, Lau CH, Wong SY, Yeoh EK, Griffiths SM. Views on traditional Chinese medicine amongst Chinese population: a systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies. Health Expect. 2014;17(5):622-36. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  8. Wang Y, Xu A. Zheng: a systems biology approach to diagnosis and treatments. Science. 2014;346(6216):13-5. [Link] 
  9. Dong J. the relationship between traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013; 2013:153148. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  10. Dong HG, Zhang XR. An overview of traditional Chinese medicine. In: Chaudhury RR, Rafei UM, eds. Traditional Medicine in Asia. New Delhi: SEARO Regional Publications. 2001. p.17-30. [Link] 
  11. Jianxin C, Xueling M, Huihui Z, Ying Y, Jing H, Shuzhen G, et al. Biological effects based quality control of a traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011;5(31):6895-906. [Crossref] 
  12. Zhang F, Kong LL, Zhang YY, Li SC. Evaluation of impact on health-related quality of life and cost effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(12):1108-20. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  13. Su CJ, Chiang CY, Chih MC. Ontological knowledge engine and health screening data enabled ubiquitous personalized physical fitness (UFIT). Sensors (Basel). 2014;14(3): 4560-84. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  14. Tang JL, Liu BY, Ma KW. Traditional Chinese medicine. Lancet. 2008;372(9654):1938-40. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  15. Chen X, Cui J, Li R, Norton R, Park J, Kong J, et al. Dao Yin (a.k.a. Qigong): origin, development, potential mechanisms, and clinical applications. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:3705120. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  16. Wang R, Huang X, Wu Y, Sun D. The benefits of Qigong exercise for symptoms of fatigue: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(3): e23983. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  17. Vancampfort D, Stubbs B, Van Damme T, Smith L, Hallgren M, Schuch F, et al. The efficacy of meditation-based mind-body interventions for mental disorders: a meta-review of 17 meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;134:181-91. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  18. Onum H. Ejderi Uyandırmak: Çigong, Bir Canlılık Bilimi. 1st ed. Ankara: Yol Yayınları; 2004. [Link] 
  19. Yang JW, Li QQ, Li F, Fu QN, Zeng XH, Liu CZ. The holistic effects of acupuncture treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:739708. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  20. Deng H, Shen X. The mechanism of moxibustion: ancient theory and modern research. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:379291. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  21. AlBedah A, Khalil M, Elolemy A, Hussein AA, AlQaed M, Al Mudaiheem A, et al. The use of wet cupping for persistent nonspecific low back pain: randomized controlled clinical trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2015;21(8):504-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  22. Davis P. Aromatherapy An A-Z: The Most Comprehensive Guide To Aromatherapy Ever Published. Rev e. ed. Suffolk: Ebury Digital; 2011. [Link] 
  23. Çalık K. The opinions of pregnant women about labor and acupressure application who received acupressure on their SP6 points. Journal of Marmara University Institute of Health Sciences. 2014;4:29-37. [Link] 
  24. Song HJ, Seo HJ, Lee H, Son H, Choi SM, Lee S. Effect of self-acupressure for symptom management: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2015;23(1):68-78. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  25. Zick SM, Wyatt GK, Murphy SL, Arnedt JT, Sen A, Harris RE. Acupressure for persistent cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors (AcuCrft): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;12:132. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  26. Wong KC, Lee KS, Luk HK, Wan HY, Ho CK, Zhang Y, et al. Er-xian decoction exerts estrogen-like osteoprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. Am J Chin Med. 2014;42(2):409-26. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  27. Lu Q, Xiang DX, Yuan HY, Xiao Y, Yuan LQ, Li HB. Puerarin attenuates calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Chin Med. 2014;42(2):337-47. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  28. Chen K, Yu B. Certain progress of clinical research on Chinese integrative medicine. Chin Med J (Engl). 1999;112(10):934-7. [PubMed] 
  29. Önder A, Çınar AS, Canatan M. Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. ve farmakolojik açıdan önemi [Cordyceps Sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and its pharmacological importance]. Literatür Eczacılık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2019;8(2):85-96. [Crossref] 
  30. Yang D, Liu Y, Zhang L. Glycans and glycosaminoglycans as clinical biomarkers and therapeutics - part B. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 2019; 163(16):383-421. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  31. Bandara A, Rapior S, Bhat DJ, Kakumyan P, Chamyuang S, Xu J, et al. Polyporus umbellatus, an edible-medicinal cultivated mushroom with multiple developed health-care products as food, medicine and cosmetics: a review. Cryptogamie Mycologie. 2015;36(1):3-42. [Crossref] 
  32. Sun J, Zhang J, Wang YZ. Multivariate characterization of elements accumulated in Wolfiporia extensa mushroom from Yunnan province in China. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes. 2017;52(3):206-13. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  33. Nie JB. Human drugs in Chinese medicine and the confucian view: an interpretive study. Confucian Bioethics. 2002;61:167-206. [Crossref] 
  34. Wang X, Wei S, Liu T, Pang J, Gao N, Ding D, et al. Effectiveness, medication patterns, and adverse events of traditional chinese herbal patches for osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:343176. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  35. Wang JW, Yang ZQ, Liu C, Chen SJ, Shen Q, Zhang TR, et al. Cancer survivors' perspectives and experience on western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine treatment and rehabilitation: a qualitative study. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2014;9:9-16. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  36. Lai YF, Chen LX, Chen YN, Zhao J, Leong F, Li XW, et al. Sustainable development of Amomum villosum: a systematic investigation on three different production modes. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2016;13(4):97-104. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  37. Han FY, Song XY, Chen JJ, Yao GD, Song SJ. Timosaponin aIII: a novel potential anti-tumor compound from Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Steroids. 2018;140:125-30. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  38. Shu P, Li J, Fei Y, Zhu H, Yu M, Liu A, et al. Isolation, structure elucidation, tyrosinase inhibitory, and antioxidant evaluation of the constituents from Angelica dahurica roots. J Nat Med. 2020;74(2):456-62. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  39. Pan H, Zhu L. Angelica sinensis polysaccharide protects rat cardiomyocytes H9c2 from hypoxia-induced injury by down-regulation of microRNA-22. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018; 106:225-31. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  40. Wang Y, Meng YQ, Wang D, Wu PF, Zhao AH, Si YP, et al. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor isolated from Potentilla anserine. Chemistry of Natural Compounds. 2020;56:743-4. [Crossref] 
  41. Feng XC, Cao SJ, Qiu F, Zhang BL. Traditional application and modern pharmacological research of Artemisia annua L. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2020;216:107650. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  42. Lorrai I, Maccioni P, Carai MA, Capra A, Castelli MP, Riva A, et al. Suppressing effect of saikosaponin A, an active ingredient of Bupleurum falcatum, on chocolate self-administration and reinstatement of chocolate seeking in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2017;638:211-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  43. Liu Z, Zhou G, Xu S, Wu J, Yin Y. Provenance variation in camptothecin concentrations of Camptotheca acuminata grown in China. New Forests. 2002;24:215-24. [Crossref] 
  44. Shi Q, Lu S, Li D, Lu J, Zhou L, Qiu M. Cycloartane triterpene glycosides from rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida L. with lipid-lowering activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Fitoterapia. 2020;145:104635. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  45. Zheng Q, Sun Z, Zhang X, Yuan J, Wu H, Yang J, et al. Clerodendranoic acid, a new phenolic acid from Clerodendranthus spicatus. Molecules. 2012;17(11):13656-61. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  46. Xu J, Yan R. Determination of the metabolite of ephedrine, 4-hydroxyephedrine, by LC-MS-MS in rat urine and its application in excretion profiles after oral administration of ephedra sinica stapf and processing ephedra sinica stapf. J Chromatogr Sci. 2017;55(2):162-5. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  47. Fang Z, Tang Y, Ying J, Tang C, Wang Q. Traditional Chinese medicine for anti-Alzheimer's disease: berberine and evodiamine from Evodia rutaecarpa. Chinese Medicine. 2020;15(1): 82. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  48. Aipire A, Mahabati M, Cai SS, Wei XX, Yu PF, Aimaier A, Wang XH, Li JY. The immunostimulary activity of polysaccharides from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Peerj. 2020;8:e8294. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  49. Pan WG, Jiang SP, Luo P, Wu J, Gao P. Isolation, purification and structure identification of antioxidant compound from the roots of Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague and its life span prolonging effect in Drosophila melanogaster. Natural Product Research. 2020;22(8):719-25. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  50. Zang W, Li GJ, Geng HM. Study on the anti-fatigue and anti-hypoxia ability of Inula britannica with total flavonoids. Lishizhen Med Mater Med Res. 2013;24:384-5. [Link] 
  51. Matsumoto T, Watanabe T. Isolation and structure elucidation of constituents of Citrus limon, Isodon japonicus, and Lansium domesticum as the cancer prevention agents. Genes Environ. 2020;42:17. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  52. Wei Q, Yang J, Li L, Su Y, Wang A. Novel phthalide dimers from the aerial parts of Ligusticum sinense Oliv cv. Chaxiong. Fitoterapia. 2019;137:104174. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  53. Yao R, Heinrich M, Weckerle CS. The genus Lycium as food and medicine: A botanical, ethnobotanical and historical review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2018;212:50-66. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  54. Mihajlov L, Velickovska SK, Letia GN, Podea PV, Mirhosseini H. Isolation, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of essential oil from Mentha arvensis L. organically planted from Macedonia. Rivista Italiana Delle Sostanze Grasse. 2019;96(3): 151-60. [Link] 
  55. Liu Y, Hou YX, Si YY, Wang W, Zhang S, Sun SW, Liu XH, Wang R, et al. Isolation, characterization, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of flavonoids from the leaves of Perilla frutescens. Natural Product Research. 2020;34(18):2566-72. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  56. Cui T, Tang S, Liu C, Li Z, Zhu Q, You J, et al. Three new isoflavones from the Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) and their bioactivities. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32(23):2817-24. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  57. Liu J, Li Y, Tang Y, Cheng J, Wang J, Li J, et al. Rhein protects the myocardiac cells against hypoxia/reoxygention-induced injury by suppressing GSK3β activity. Phytomedicine. 2018;51:1-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  58. Wu BW, Pan TL, Leu YL, Chang YK, Tai PJ, Lin KH, et al. Antiviral effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) against enterovirus 71. Am J Chin Med. 2007;35(1):153-68. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  59. Mathew T, Sarada SKS. Intonation of Nrf2 and Hif1-α pathway by curcumin prophylaxis: a potential strategy to augment survival signaling under hypoxia. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2018;258:12-24. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  60. Auyeung KK, Han QB, Ko JK. Astragalus membranaceus: a review of its protection against inflammation and gastrointestinal cancers. Am J Chin Med. 2016;44(1):1-22. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  61. Zeng X, Zheng Y, Luo J, Liu H, Su W. A review on the chemical profiles, quality control, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of Fufang Xueshuantong Capsule. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;267:113472. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  62. Wu X, Wang S, Lu J, Jing Y, Li M, Cao J, et al. Seeing the unseen of Chinese herbal medicine processing (Paozhi): advances in new perspectives. Chin Med. 2018;13:4. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  63. Liu L, Xu FR, Wang YZ. Traditional uses, chemical diversity and biological activities of Panax L. (Araliaceae): a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;263:112792. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  64. Lee SH, Kim JY, Kim H, Park SK, Kim CY, Chung SY, et al. Amomum villosum induces longitudinal bone growth in adolescent female rats. J Tradit Chin Med. 2012;32(3):453-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  65. Sakamura S, Terayama Y, Kawakatsu S, Ichihara A, Saito H. Conjugated serotonins and phenolic constituents in safflower seed (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Agric Biol Chem. 1980;44(12):2951-4. [Crossref] 
  66. Delshad E, Yousefi M, Sasannezhad P, Rakhshandeh H, Ayati Z. Medical uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower): a comprehensive review from traditional medicine to modern medicine. Electron Physician. 2018; 10(4):6672-81. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  67. Miao SM, Zhang Q, Bi XB, Cui JL, Wang ML. A review of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Ephedra herb. Chin J Nat Med. 2020;18(5):321-44. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  68. Aghdasi M, Bojnoordi MM, Mianabadi M, Nadaf M. Chemical components of the Ephedra major from Iran. Nat Prod Res. 2016; 30(3):369-71. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  69. Hyuga S, Hyuga M, Oshima N, Maruyama T, Kamakura H, Yamashita T, et al. Ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract: a safer alternative to ephedra with comparable anal gesic, anticancer, and anti-influenza activities. J Nat Med. 2016;70(3):571-83. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  70. Sánchez M, González-Burgos E, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Pharmacological update properties of Aloe Vera and its major active constituents. Molecules. 2020;25(6): 1324. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  71. Jin M, Zhao K, Huang Q, Xu C, Shang P. Isolation, structure and bioactivities of the polysaccharides from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels: a review. Carbohydr Polym. 2012; 89(3): 713-22. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  72. Ding L, Jia C, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhu W, Chen Y, et al. Baicalin relaxes vascular smooth muscle and lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biomed Phar macother. 2019;111:325-30. [Crossref] [PubMed] 
  73. Fay DA, Ziegler HW. Botanical source differentiation of Podophyllum resin by high performance liqid chromatography. J Liq Chromatogr. 1985;8(8):1501-5. [Crossref] 
  74. Lin MC, Lin JH, Chen SK, Cheng YW, Cheng HW. Simultaneous determination of podophyllotoxin, quercetin and kaempferol in podophyllin by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal. 2008; 16:29-40. [Link] 
  75. Cao G, Russell RM, Lischner N, Prior RL. Serum antioxidant capacity is increased by consumption of strawberries, spinach, red wine or vitamin C in elderly women. J Nutr. 1998;128(12):2383-90. [Crossref] [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com