Araştırmanın amacı; uzun mesafe koşucularında alt ekstremite yaralanmaları ve bunlara neden olabilecek risk faktörlerini incelemektir. Koşu, tüm yaş gruplarında yüz binlerin ilgisini çeken dünyadaki en popüler spor dallarından biridir. Yaralanma riski değerlendirildiğinde, koşucuların yaklaşık %50'sinin her yıl birden fazla yaralanma geçirdiği bilinmektedir. Yaralanmaların öyküsü ve nedenleri hakkında daha çok bilgi sahibi olunması, pek çok koşucu için önleyici bir etken olması açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, uzun mesafe koşucularının en çok yaralanma geçirdikleri alt ekstremite ile ilgili potansiyel risk faktörleri hakkında PubMed, Google Akademik veri tabanları ile kongre kitapçıklarından ulaşılabilen bilgiler toplanarak özetlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; ilgili literatür incelendiğinde uzun mesafe koşucularında akut ve kronik olarak diz, ayak ve ayak bileği lokasyonlarının bildirilen en yaygın yaralanmalar olduğu söylenebilir. Bunlara ek olarak 'hamstring' yaralanmaları ise tipik olarak akuttur ve arka uylukta, ani ve keskin ağrılara sebep olabilmektedir. Koşucuların yaralanmalarına neden olan risk faktörleri; yaş, cinsiyet, anatomik faktörler, vücut ağırlığı, kas esnekliğinin yetersizliği, yaralanmalardan sonra erken antrenmana başlama, yorgunluk, kötü zemin şartları, hava koşulları, uygun olmayan spor ayakkabı, uzun süre antrenman (mesafe/km), bilinçsiz uygulanan antrenman protokolleri, ağrıyı görmezden gelmek, sık aralıklarla yapılan yarışmalar, azalmış kas gücü, aşırı kullanım, yetersiz dinlenme, spor deneyimi ve geçmiş yaralanma öyküleri olarak söylenebilir. Elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, uzun mesafe koşucuları ve antrenörleri için yaralanmaların önlenmesi ve koruyucu tedbirler açısından önemli bir veri kaynağı olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Uzun mesafe koşucuları; yaralanma; alt ekstremite; risk faktörleri
The aim of the present study is investigate lower extremity injuries and risk factors that may cause them in long distance running. Running is one of the most popular sports worldwide, with running events attracting hundreds of thousands of runners of all age groups. When the risk of injury is evaluated, it is known that approximately 50% of runners experience more than one disability each year. It is extremely important to know more about the history and causes of injuries, as it is a preventive factor for many runners. The study has been summarized by gathering the information about the potential risk factors related to the lower extremity, which the longdistance runners experience most disability, from the databases of PubMed, Google Scholar and congress booklets. In conclusion, both acute and chronic knee, foot and ankle injuries are the most common injuries reported by long distance runners. Hamstring injuries are typically acute resulting in a sudden, sharp pain in the posterior thigh. Risk factors that cause runners' injuries; age, gender, anatomical factors, body weight, insufficient muscle flexibility, starting early training after injuries, fatigue, poor ground conditions, temperature, inappropriate footwear, long-term training (distance/km), unconscious training protocols, ignoring pain, frequent competitions, decreased muscle strength, overuse, inadequate rest, sports experience and history of the previous injuries. In line with the findings obtained, it is thought that it will be an important data source for long distance runners and coaches in terms of preventing injuries and preventive measures.
Keywords: Long distance runners; injury; lower extremity; risk factors
- Tonoli DC, Cumps E, Aerts I, Verhagen E, Meeusen R. Incidence, risk factors and prevention of running related injuries in long-distance running: a systematic review injury, location and type. Sport en Geneeskunde. 2010;5(5):13-8. [Crossref]
- Paluska SA. An overview of hip injuries in running. Sports Med. 2005;35(11):991-1014. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Fredericson M, Misra AK. Epidemiology and aetiology of marathon running injuries. Sports Med. 2007;37(4-5):437-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- van Mechelen W. Running injuries. A review of the epidemiological literature. Sports Med. 1992;14(5):320-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Alonso JM, Tscholl PM, Engebretsen L, Mountjoy M, Dvorak J, Junge A. Occurrence of injuries and illnesses during the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Championships. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(15):1100-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Johnston CAM, Taunton JE, Lloyd-Smith DR, McKenzie DC. Preventing running injuries. Practical approach for family doctors. Can Fam Physician. 2003;49:1101-9. [PubMed]
- Lopes AD, Hespanhol Júnior LC, Yeung SS, Costa LOP. What are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries? A systematic review. Sports Med. 2012;42(10):891-905. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Chang WL, Shih YF, Chen WY. Running injuries and associated factors in participants of ING Taipei Marathon. Phys Ther Sport. 2012;13(3):170-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kluitenberg B, van Middelkoop M, Diercks R, van der Worp H. What are the differences in injury proportions between different populations of runners? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015;45(8):1143-61. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- van Poppel D, Scholten‐Peeters GGM, van Middelkoop M, Verhagen AP. Prevalence, incidence and course of lower extremity injuries in runners during a 12‐month follow‐up period. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(6):943-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- van Middelkoop M, Kolkman J, van Ochten J, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Koes B. Prevalence and incidence of lower extremity injuries in male marathon runners. Scan J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(2):140-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- van Gent RN, Siem D, van Middelkoop M, van Os AG, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Koes BW. Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(8):469-80. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- van der Worp MP, ten Haaf DSM, van Cingel R, de Weijer A, van der Sanden MWGN, Staal JB. Injuries in runners; a systematic review on risk factors and sex differences. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0114937. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Powell KE, Kohl HW, Caspersen CJ, Blair SN. An epidemiological perspective on the causes of running injuries. Phys Sportsmed. 1986;14(6):100-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Malisoux L, Nielsen RO, Urhausen A, Theisen D. A step towards understanding the mechanisms of running-related injuries. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(5):523-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- van Middelkoop M, Kolkman J, Van Ochten J, Bierma‐Zeinstra SMA, Koes BW. Risk factors for lower extremity injuries among male marathon runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18(6):691-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Knapik JJ, Orr R, Pope R, Grier T. Injuries and footwear (Part 2): minimalist running shoes. J Spec Oper Med. 2016;16(1):89-96. [PubMed]
- Koplan JP, Rothenberg RB, Jones EL. The natural history of exercise: a 10-yr follow-up of a cohort of runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995;27(8):1180-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Schäfer FKW, Order B, Bolte H, Heller M, Brossmann J. [Sport injuries of the extensor mechanism of the knee]. Radiologe. 2002;42(10):799-810. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tschopp M, Brunner F. [Diseases and overuse injuries of the lower extremities in long distance runners]. Z Rheumatol. 2017;76(5):443-50. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Vijayan G, Rajan KM. Overuse injuries in long distance running-a literature review on risk factors. Indian J App Res. 2019;9(12):19-21. [Link]
- Kozinc Ž, Sarabon N. Common running overuse injuries and prevention. Monten J Sports Sci Med. 2017;6(2):67-74. [Crossref]
- van Poppel D, Scholten-Peeters GGM, van Middelkoop M, Koes BW, Verhagen AP. Risk models for lower extremity injuries among short- and long distance runners: a prospective cohort study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018;36:48-53. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hulme A, Nielsen RO, Timpka T, Verhagen E, Finch C. Risk and protective factors for middle- and long-distance running-related injury. Sports Med. 2017;47(5):869-86. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Agresta CE, Peacock J, Housner J, Zernicke RF, Zendler JD. Experience does not influence injury-related joint kinematics and kinetics in distance runners. Gait Posture. 2018;61:13-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Vincent HK, Vincent KR. Evaluation of the injured runner. In: Harrast MA, ed. Clinical Care of the Runner: Assessment, Biomechanical Principles, and Injury Management. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020. p.19-26. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Maceri RM, Cherup NP, Buckworth J, Hanson NJ. Exercise addiction in long distance runners. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 2019;1-10 (in press). [Crossref]
- Çetin E, Bulğay C, Tekkurşun Demir G, Cicioğlu Hİ, Bayraktar I, Orhan Ö. The examination of the relationship between exercise addiction and performance enhancement in elite athletes. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 2020;1-12 (in press). [Crossref]
- Martínez Silván D, Johnson A, Tramullas A. Skeletal maturity as injury risk factor in adolescent elite track and field athletes. Orthop J Sports Med. 2018;6(6_suppl3):250-3. [Crossref] [PMC]
- Wells MD, Dickin DC, Popp J, Wang H. Effect of downhill running grade on lower extremity loading in female distance runners. Sports Biomech. 2020;19(3):333-41. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Johansen KK, Hulme A, Damsted C, Ramskov D, Nielsen RO. Running injury development: the attitudes of middle- and long-distance runners and their coaches. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017;12(4):634-41. [PubMed]
- Browning KH. Hip and pelvis injuries in runners: careful evaluation and tailored management. Phys Sportsmed. 2001;29(1):23-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Renström AF. Mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of running injuries. Instr Course Lect. 1993;42:225-34. [PubMed]
- Niemuth PE, Johnson RJ, Myers MJ, Thieman TJ. Hip muscle weakness and overuse injuries in recreational runners. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15(1):14-21. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- San Juan JG, Suprak DN, Roach SM, Lyda M. Lower extremity strength and range of motion in high school cross-country runners. Appl Bionics Biomech. 2018;2018:6797642. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Tokutake G, Kuramochi R. Association of hamstring strain injuries with season and temperature in track and field collegiate athletes in Japan: a descriptive epidemiological study. Asian J Sports Med. 2020;11(1):e96743. [Crossref]
- Alonso JM, Edouard P, Fischetto G, Adams B, Depiesse F, Mountjoy M. Determination of future prevention strategies in elite track and field: analysis of Daegu 2011 IAAF Championships injuries and illnesses surveillance. Br J Sports Med. 2012;46(7):505-14. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Wang SS, Whitney SL, Burdett RG, Janosky JE. Lower extremity muscular flexibility in long distance runners. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;17(2):102-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Baxter C, Mc Naughton LR, Sparks A, Norton L, Bentley D. Impact of stretching on the performance and injury risk of long-distance runners. Res Sports Med. 2017;25(1):78-90. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Begizew DM, Grace JM, van Heerden HJ. Lower-extremity running-related injuries among 10,000-meter long distance runners in Ethiopia. J Hum Sport Exerc. 2019;14(2):358-73. [Crossref]
- Puckree T, Govender A, Govender K, Naidoo P. The quadriceps angle and the incidence of knee injury in Indian long-distance runners. S Afr J Sports Med. 2007;19(1):9-11. [Link]
- Horga LM, Henckel J, Fotiadou A, Hirschmann A, Torlasco C, Di Laura A, et al. Can marathon running improve knee damage of middle-aged adults? A prospective cohort study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019;5(1):e000586. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rasmussen CH, Nielsen RO, Juul MS, Rasmussen S. Weekly running volume and risk of running‐related injuries among marathon runners. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2013;8(2):111-20. [PubMed]
- van der Worp H, Otter RTA, Lemmink KAPM, Brink MS. A delay between high load and increased injury rate: using an individual approach in high-level competitive runners. In: Otter TA, ed. Monitoring Endurance Athletes: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Groninge: University of Groningen; 2016. p.77-91. ISBN: 978-90-367-8728-4 (printed version)
- Deakins-Roche M, Fredericson M, Kraus E. Ankle and foot injuries in runners. In: Harrast MA, ed. Clinical Care of the Runner: Assessment, Biomechanical Principles, and Injury Management. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2020. p.231-47. [Crossref]
- Bulğay C, Zorlular A, Nihan K, Çetin E, Aksen Cengizhan P. [Functional movement screenTM-normative values in healthy distance runners]. Gazi J Phys Educ Sport Sci. 2019;24(4):189-98. [Link]
- Winter SC, Gordon S, Brice SM, Lindsay D, Barrs S. A multifactorial approach to overuse running injuries: a 1-year prospective study. Sports Health. 2020;12(3):296-303. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lysholm J, Wiklander J. Injuries in runners. Am J Sports Med. 1987;15(2):168-71. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ristolainen L, Heinonen A, Turunen H, Mannström H, Waller B, Kettunen JA, et al. Type of sport is related to injury profile: a study on cross country skiers, swimmers, long‐distance runners and soccer players. A retrospective 12‐month study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(3):384-93. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nagel A, Fernholz F, Kibele C, Rosenbaum D. Long distance running increases plantar pressures beneath the metatarsal heads: a barefoot walking investigation of 200 marathon runners. Gait Posture. 2008;27(1):152-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tekelioğlu A, Hazır M, Kabak B, Ufuk P. Postür değerlendirmesi. Bayraktar I, Deliceoğlu G, editörler. (Health and Performance Profiles of Athletes in Athlete Training Centers). Sporcu Eğitim Merkezlerindeki Sporcuların Sağlık ve Performans Profilleri. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Ata Ofset Matbaacılık; 2010. p.101-12.
.: İşlem Listesi