Önemli bir katekolamin nörotransmitter olan dopamin, santral sinir sisteminde ve sindirim sistemi, dalak ve pankreas gibi periferik dokularda sentez edilmektedir. Hem santral sinir sisteminde hem de periferal sistemde dopamin, çeşitli biyolojik fonksiyonları dopamin reseptörleri aracılığıyla düzenlemektedir. Santral sinir sistemindeki dopamin reseptörleri, D1-benzeri ve D2-benzeri olmak üzere 2 alt gruba ayrılmaktadır. Diğer taraftan, periferdeki dopamin reseptörleri ise DA1 ve DA2 olmak üzere 2 alt gruba ayrılmaktadır. Dopamin reseptörlerinin ekpresyon düzeyleri, farklı tümör tiplerinde ve tümör gelişiminin farklı aşamalarında farklılık göstermektedir. Nöron kültürü çalışmalarında dopamin tarafından hücre siklusunun durmasının, DNA fragmentasyonunun ve apoptozun indüklendiği gösterilmiştir. Birçok çalışmada dopaminin anjiyogenezi baskılayarak, tümör büyümesini inhibe ettiği ve bu süreci yöneten en önemli bileşenin ise DRD2 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Matriks metalloproteinazlar (MMPs), tümör invazyonu ve metastazında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Dopamin, DRD2 aracılığıyla MMP-13 ekspresyon seviyelerinin düşmesine neden olmaktadır. Dopamin ve reseptörleri birçok immün sistem hücresinde sentez edilmektedir. Dopamin, nöral sistem ile immün sistem arasındaki iletişimi sağlayan en önemli bileşenlerdendir. Ek olarak dopamin, yardımcı T hücrelerinin farklılaşmasını, polarizasyonunu, sitokin sekresyonunu ve efektör fonksiyonunu etkilemektedir. Dopamin reseptörlerinin bloke edilerek ya da aktive edilerek hedeflenmesi, kanser tedavisinde temel bir stratejidir. Dopamin reseptörlerinin ekspresyon özelliklerinin, değişen kanserli durumlarda detaylı olarak bilinmesi kanser tedavisi açısından oldukça önemlidir. Benzer şekilde, dopamin ve immün sistem arasındaki etkileşimlerin daha iyi anlaşılması, kanser tedavisi için önem arz etmektedir. Bu derlemede, dopamin ve dopamin reseptörlerinin kanser hücre ölümü, anjiyogenez, invazyon ve metastaz ile ilişkisi açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Ek olarak, dopamin ve dopamin reseptörleri ile immün sistem arasındaki ilişki açıklanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dopamin; apoptoz; dopamin reseptörü; tümör hücresi; immün sistem; invazyon; metastaz
Dopamine, a significant catecholamine neurotransmitter, is synthesized in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues such as the digestive system, spleen and pancreas. Dopamine both in the central nervous system and in the peripheral system modulate several biological functions via dopamine receptors. Dopamine receptors in the central nervous system are divided into two subtypes: D1-like and D2-like. On the other hand, peripheral dopamine receptors are divided into two subtypes: DA1 ve DA2. The expression levels of dopamine receptors vary across different types of tumor and at different stages of tumor progression. In studies conducted with neuron culture, cell cycle arrest, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis have been shown to be induced by dopamine. In many studies, it has been determined that dopamine inhibits tumor growth by suppressing angiogenesis and DRD2 is the most significant component governing this process. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. Dopamine downregulates MMP-13 levels via DRD2. Dopamine and the receptors are generated in several immune cells. Dopamine is one of the most important components of the interaction between neural system and immune system. Furthermore, dopamine modulates the differentiation, polarization, cytokine secretion and effector function of T helper cells. Targeting dopamine receptors by blocking or activating is a fundamental strategy in cancer treatment. It is significant to know the expression profiles of dopamine receptors in changing cancer conditions for cancer treatment in detail. Similarly, a better understanding of the interactions between dopamine and the ımmune system has the importance for cancer treatment. In this review, the relationship between dopamine and dopamine receptors and cancer cell death, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis has been tried to clarify. Furthermore, the association between dopamine, dopamine receptors and the immune system has been elucidated.
Keywords: Dopamine; apoptosis; dopamine receptor; tumor cell; immune system; invasion; metastasis
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