3,4-metilendioksi-N-metamfetamin (MDMA, ekstazi) en çok suistimal edilen yasa dışı ilaçlardan biridir. 1912 yılında ilk defa Merck tarafından sentezlenmiş ve patenti alınmış olup, hemostatik bir maddenin üretimi aşamasında bir prekürsör olarak ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Empatojen ve entaktojen özellikleri sebebiyle genç nüfus içerisinde popülerliğinin giderek artmasıyla birlikte; karaciğer hasarı, rabdomiyoliz, serotonin sendromu, çoklu organ yetmezliği, kardiyovasküler olaylar ve aritmiler gibi olası yan etkileri ulunmaktadır. Bir sentetik psikostimülan olan MDMA, indirekt serotonin, dopamin ve norepinefrin agonisti olarak davranmakta, serotonin ve dopamin sistemlerini etkilemektedir. Metamfetamin benzeri etkilerinin yanı sıra MDMA, meskalin benzeri etkiler de taşımaktadır. MDMA kortizol, oksitosin ve antidiüretik hormonlarının salınımlarını artırmaktadır. 1970'li yıllarda psikoterapiye yardımcı madde olarak kullanılmış olsa da uyuşturucu olarak kullanımının yaygınlaşması sebebiyle 2000'li yılların başına kadar MDMA'nın potansiyel tedavi edici etkilerinin bulunmasına dair araştırmaların sayısı azalmıştır. Geçtiğimiz birkaç yıl içinde, MDMA; travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, alkol bağımlılığı ve otizmli erişkinlerin sosyal fobilerinin tedavisinde kullanımının söz konusu olmaya başlamasıyla öne çıkmıştır. Klinikte kullanıldığında, kendine özgü reseptörlere ve nispeten iyi tolere edilebilen ilaç etkilerine sahip olması sebepleriyle, MDMA tedavisi hastanın olumsuz duygularla başa çıkmakta zorlanmadan travmatik anılarla yüzleşmesine izin vermesi açısından ideal bir tedavidir. Bu çalışmada, MDMA hakkında tarihçe, fizikokimyasal özellikler, etki mekanizmaları, kinetik ve dinamik özellikleri ile toksisite potansiyeli ve güncel tedavi modellerinde MDMA'nın yararlı olabilecek tedavi etkilerinin derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Amfetamin; MDMA
3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is one of the most widely abused illegal drugs. It was synthesized and patented for the first time by Merck in 1912, it was made as a precursor in a new synthesis process for hemostatic substances. It has become increasingly popular amongst young people due to its empatogen and entactogen properties while liver damage, rhabdomyolysis, serotonin syndrome, multiorgan failure, cardiovascular events and arrhythmias are possible adverse effects. The synthetic psychostimulant MDMA acts as an indirect serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine agonist and affects the serotonin and dopamine systems. In addition to methylamphatemine like effects, MDMA also has mescaline like effects. MDMA increases the release of cortisol, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone. It has been used therapeutically as an adjunct to psycotherapy in 1970's but after becoming very popular as a recreatinoal drug, the number of researches about MDMA's therapeutical potential has decreased till the beginning of 2000's. Over the past few years, MDMA has risen in prominence as an agent to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol use disorder, social phobia of autistic adults. With its unique receptors and a relatively well-tolerated drug effects when used clinically, MDMA therapy is ideally suited to allow a patient to face with traumatic memories without being overwhelmed by negative affect. To evaluate its history, psychochemical properties, action mechanism, toxicokinetic & toxicodynamic properties, potential toxicity and up-to-date treatment models with the benefit of potential therapeutical effects of MDMA are reviewed in this present paper.
Keywords: Amphetamine; MDMA
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