Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences

3,4-Metilendioksi-N-Metilamfetamin Toksisitesi
Toxicity of 3.4-Methylenedioxy-N-Methamphetamine
Yağmur PAKa, Terken BAYDARa,b
aHacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi,
bFarmasötik Toksikoloji AD, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
J Lit Pharm Sci. 2019;8(2):128-37
doi: 10.5336/pharmsci.2018-63862
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 3,4-metilendioksi-N-metamfetamin (MDMA, ekstazi) en çok suistimal edilen yasa dışı ilaçlardan biridir. 1912 yılında ilk defa Merck tarafından sentezlenmiş ve patenti alınmış olup, hemostatik bir maddenin üretimi aşamasında bir prekürsör olarak ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Empatojen ve entaktojen özellikleri sebebiyle genç nüfus içerisinde popülerliğinin giderek artmasıyla birlikte; karaciğer hasarı, rabdomiyoliz, serotonin sendromu, çoklu organ yetmezliği, kardiyovasküler olaylar ve aritmiler gibi olası yan etkileri ulunmaktadır. Bir sentetik psikostimülan olan MDMA, indirekt serotonin, dopamin ve norepinefrin agonisti olarak davranmakta, serotonin ve dopamin sistemlerini etkilemektedir. Metamfetamin benzeri etkilerinin yanı sıra MDMA, meskalin benzeri etkiler de taşımaktadır. MDMA kortizol, oksitosin ve antidiüretik hormonlarının salınımlarını artırmaktadır. 1970'li yıllarda psikoterapiye yardımcı madde olarak kullanılmış olsa da uyuşturucu olarak kullanımının yaygınlaşması sebebiyle 2000'li yılların başına kadar MDMA'nın potansiyel tedavi edici etkilerinin bulunmasına dair araştırmaların sayısı azalmıştır. Geçtiğimiz birkaç yıl içinde, MDMA; travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, alkol bağımlılığı ve otizmli erişkinlerin sosyal fobilerinin tedavisinde kullanımının söz konusu olmaya başlamasıyla öne çıkmıştır. Klinikte kullanıldığında, kendine özgü reseptörlere ve nispeten iyi tolere edilebilen ilaç etkilerine sahip olması sebepleriyle, MDMA tedavisi hastanın olumsuz duygularla başa çıkmakta zorlanmadan travmatik anılarla yüzleşmesine izin vermesi açısından ideal bir tedavidir. Bu çalışmada, MDMA hakkında tarihçe, fizikokimyasal özellikler, etki mekanizmaları, kinetik ve dinamik özellikleri ile toksisite potansiyeli ve güncel tedavi modellerinde MDMA'nın yararlı olabilecek tedavi etkilerinin derlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Amfetamin; MDMA
ABSTRACT
 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is one of the most widely abused illegal drugs. It was synthesized and patented for the first time by Merck in 1912, it was made as a precursor in a new synthesis process for hemostatic substances. It has become increasingly popular amongst young people due to its empatogen and entactogen properties while liver damage, rhabdomyolysis, serotonin syndrome, multiorgan failure, cardiovascular events and arrhythmias are possible adverse effects. The synthetic psychostimulant MDMA acts as an indirect serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine agonist and affects the serotonin and dopamine systems. In addition to methylamphatemine like effects, MDMA also has mescaline like effects. MDMA increases the release of cortisol, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone. It has been used therapeutically as an adjunct to psycotherapy in 1970's but after becoming very popular as a recreatinoal drug, the number of researches about MDMA's therapeutical potential has decreased till the beginning of 2000's. Over the past few years, MDMA has risen in prominence as an agent to treat post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol use disorder, social phobia of autistic adults. With its unique receptors and a relatively well-tolerated drug effects when used clinically, MDMA therapy is ideally suited to allow a patient to face with traumatic memories without being overwhelmed by negative affect. To evaluate its history, psychochemical properties, action mechanism, toxicokinetic & toxicodynamic properties, potential toxicity and up-to-date treatment models with the benefit of potential therapeutical effects of MDMA are reviewed in this present paper.

Keywords: Amphetamine; MDMA
REFERENCES:
  1. Pardo-Lozano R, Farré M, Yubero-Lahoz S, O?Mathúna B, Torrens M, Mustata C, et al. Clinical pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?ecstasy?): the influence of gender and genetics (CYP2D6, COMT, 5-HTT). PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47599. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  2. Benzenhöfer U, Passie T. Rediscovering MDMA (ecstasy): the role of the American chemist Alexander T. Shulgin. Addiction. 2010;105(8):1355-61. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  3. Karch SB. A historical review of MDMA. Open Forensic Sci J. 2011;4(1):20-4. [Crossref]
  4. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report 2009. New York: United Nations; 2009. p.306.
  5. Michael White C. How MDMA?s pharmacology and pharmacokinetics drive desired effects and harms. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;54(3):245-52. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  6. Lora-Tamayo C, Tena T, Rodríguez A, Moreno D, Sancho JR, Enseñat P, et al. The designer drug situation in Ibiza. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;140(2-3):195-206. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  7. Mounteney J, Griffiths P, Bo A, Cunningham A, Matias J, Pirona A. Nine reasons why ecstasy is not quite what it used to be. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;51:36-41. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  8. González-Mariño I, Zuccato E, Santos MM, Castiglioni S. Monitoring MDMA metabolites in urban wastewater as novel biomarkers of consumption lez-Mari n. Water Res. 2017; 115:1-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  9. Sun JH, Shen JL, Liang LS, Xu XY Lui HB, Zhang CL. Experimental investigation on terahertz spectra of amphetamine type stimulants. Chinese Phys Lett. 2005;22(12):3176-8. [Crossref]
  10. Shulgin AT. The background and chemistry of MDMA. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1986;18(4): 291-304. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  11. Fonsart J, Menet MC, Declèves X, Galons H, Crété D, Debray M, et al. Sprague-Dawley rats display metabolism-mediated sex differences in the acute toxicity of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008;230(1):117-25. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  12. Danforth AL, Struble CM, Yazar-Klosinski B, Grob CS. MDMA-assisted therapy: a new treatment model for social anxiety in autistic adults. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016;64:237-49. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  13. de La Torre R, Farré M, Ortuño J, Mas M, Brenneisen R, Roset PN, et al. Non-linear pharmacokinetics of MDMA ('ecstasy?) in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;49(2):104-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  14. Kalant H. The pharmacology and toxicology of ?ecstasy? (MDMA) and related drugs. CMAJ. 2001;165(7):917-28.
  15. Liechti ME, Baumann C, Gamma A, Vollenweider FX. Acute psychological effects of 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ?Ecstasy?) are attenuated by the serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000;22(5):513-21. [Crossref]
  16. Bexis S, Docherty JR. Role of α 2A-adrenoceptors in the effects of MDMA on body temperature in the mouse. Br J Pharmacol. 2005;146(1):1-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  17. Curry DW, Young MB, Tran AN, Daoud GE, Howell LL. Separating the agony from ecstasy: R(-)-3,4-methylenedioxymet hamphetamine has prosocial and therapeutic-like effects without signs of neurotoxicity in mice. Neuropharmacology. 2018;128:196-206. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  18. MAPS-Phase 3 Trial Program: MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of SEvere Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Accessed December 10, 2017. [Link]
  19. Mithoefer MC, Wagner MT, Mithoefer AT, Jerome L, Doblin R. The safety and efficacy of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamineassisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25(4): 439-52. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  20. Kamilar-Britt P, Bedi G. The prosocial effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): controlled studies in humans and laboratory animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;57:433-46. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  21. Wardle MC, Kirkpatrick MG, de Wit H. ?Ecstasy? as a social drug: MDMA preferentially affects responses to emotional stimuli with social content. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014;9(8):1076-81. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  22. Farah R, Farah R. Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)-induced inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2008;24(9):615-7. Accessed November 28, 2017. [Link] [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. Sessa B. Why MDMA therapy for alcohol use disorder? And why now? Neuropharmacology. 2018;142:83-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  24. Nadkarni GN, Hoskote SS, Piotrkowski J, Annapureddy N. Serotonin syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and hepatitis after a single ingestion of MDMA in an Asian Woman. Am J Ther. 2014;21(4):e117-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. Woo TM, Hanley JR. ?How high do they look??: identification and treatment of common ingestions in adolescents. J Pediatr Healt Care. 2013;27(2):135-44. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  26. Vuori E, Henry JA, Ojanperä I, Nieminen R, Savolainen T, Wahlsten P, et al. Death following ingestion of MDMA (ecstasy) and moclobemide. Addiction. 2003;98(3):365-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  27. Rietjens SJ, Hondebrink L, Westerink RH, Meulenbelt J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): interindividual differences due to polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2012;42(10):854-76. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  28. Pilgrim JL, Gerostamoulos D, Drummer OH. Deaths involving MDMA and the concomitant use of pharmaceutical drugs. J Anal Toxicol. 2011;35(4):219-26. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  29. Zenner HP, Leysieffer H. Totally implantable hearing device for sensorineural hearing loss Fatal interaction between ritonavir and MDMA. Lancet. 1998;352(9142):1751. [Crossref]
  30. Harrington RD, Woodward JA, Hooton TM, Horn JR. Life-threatening interactions between HIV-1 protease inhibitors and the illicit drugs MDMA and gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(18):2221-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  31. Sellers EM, Romach MK, Leiderman DB. Studies with psychedelic drugs in human volunteers. Neuropharmacology. 2017;142:11634. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  32. Cheng LH, Kao CH, Wang CH, Chu YH, Wang JY, Wang HW. Anti-cholinergic effect of singulair on isolated rat?s tracheal smooth muscle. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012; 269(8):1923-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  33. Sessa B. MDMA and PTSD treatment: ?PTSD: from novel pathophysiology to innovative therapeutics.? Neurosci Lett. 2017;649:176-80. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  34. Carhart-Harris RL, Murphy K, Leech R, Erritzoe D, Wall MB, Ferguson B, et al. Archival report the effects of acutely administered spontaneous brain function in healthy volunteers measured with arterial spin labeling and blood oxygen level-dependent resting state functional connectivity. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;78(58)554-62. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  35. Waterhouse L, Fein D, Modahl C. Neurofunctional mechanisms in autism. Psychol Rev. 1996;103(3):457-89. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  36. Social Anxiety Autistic Adults News Timeline. Accessed November 18, 2018. [Link]

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com