Karaciğer organizmanın temel metabolik işlevlerinin gerçekleştiği organdır. Birçok kimyasal maddenin hepatotoksik olduğu bilinmektedir. Bir kimyasal maddenin in vivo olarak karaciğer hasarı yapabilme kapasitesi; bu maddenin alımı, biyotransformasyonu ve eliminasyonu sırasında geçirdiği bir seri kompleks hücresel prosese bağlıdır. Ayrıca, karaciğer hasarı yapan pek çok kimyasal madde için hayvan modellerinden elde edilen bilgilerin insana tam olarak ekstrapole edilmesi bazı durumlarda uygun değildir. Bu durumda, in vitro karaciğer sistemlerinin potansiyel hepatotoksik bileşiklerin belirlenmesi ve bunların yarattığı hepatotoksisitenin altında yatan mekanizma veya mekanizmaların araştırılması açısından daha iyi bir deneysel yaklaşımı sağladığı belirtilmektedir. En sık kullanılan in vitro karaciğer modelleri arasında; izole perfüze organ parçaları, karaciğer dilimleri, subselüler fraksiyonlar ve izole ve kültür hepatositler gelmektedir. Son 20-30 yıldır insan veya hayvanlardan elde edilen diferansiye hepatositlerin ve karaciğer dilimlerinin hazırlanma ve kültürlenmeleriyle ilgili çok büyük gelişmeler sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca, izole hepatositlerin ilaç metabolizması ve toksisite çalışmalarında sağlayabilecekleri yararlar hakkında önemli araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak, başta ilaç geliştirme çalışmaları olmak üzere, in vitro çalışmalar in vivo çalışmalara henüz tam bir alternatif değildir. Ayrıca, kültür hepatositlerinde gözlenen erken fenotipik değişiklikler, düşük proliferasyon kapasiteleri ve insan hepatositlerinin bulunma zorlukları gibi bazı sınırlamalar bulunmaktadır. Gelecekte bu çalışmalardan beklenen en büyük gelişme kültür koşullarının iyileştirilerek in vivo koşulları daha iyi taklit edebilmesi ve bu koşullarla daha büyük korelasyon oluşturmasıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında, toksikolojide kullanılan in vitro karaciğer modellerinden söz edilerek, her modelin kullanım koşulları, avantaj ve dezavantajlarının anlatılması amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İn vitro teknikler; karaciğer; hepatositler; hücresel yapılar
Liver is the organ where the basic metabolic functions of the organism is actualized. Several chemicals are known to be hepatotoxic. The capacity of a chemical to cause liver damage depends on a series of complex biological processes during its uptake, biotransformation and elimination. In addition, for several liver damaging chemicals, the extrapolation of information obtained from animal models to humans is not appropriate in some situations. Under these circumstances, in vitro liver systems provide a better experimental approach for determining the hepatotoxic substances and their mechanism/s of hepatotoxicity. The most widely used in vitro liver models are isolated perfused organ parts, liver slices, subcellular fractions and isolated and cultured hepatocytes. In the last twenty and thirty years, the preparation and culturing of the differentiated hepatocytes and liver slices obtained from animals and humans have intensively developed. Moreover, important research on the advantages of the use of isolated hepatocytes in drug metabolism and toxicity studies have been performed. However, in vitro studies are not still an alternative to in vivo studies, particularly in the field of drug development. In addition, the phenotypic changes observed in cultured hepatocytes, their proliferation capacity and the difficulty in finding human hepatocytes are still the limitations. In the future, the highly expected development is the recruitment of culture conditions for these models to highly mimic in vitro conditions and provide high correlations. In this review, I will mainly focus on in vitro liver models used in toxicology, their utilixation, advantages and disadvantages.
Keywords: In vitro techniques; liver; hepatocytes; cellular structures
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