Tiyomersal aşılara antibakteriyel ve antifungal koruyucu olarak eklenen organik cıva bileşiğidir. Aşılar dışında birçok tıbbi ürün (immünglobulin preparatları, antitoksinler, deri preperatları, göz/kulak/burun damlaları, antiseptik merhemler, spreyler) ve kozmetik ürününde de kullanılmaktadır. Tiyomersalin molekül yapısının yaklaşık %50'sini cıva oluşturmaktadır ve organik cıva bileşiklerine maruziyetle otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB)'nun ortaya çıkabileceği literatürde yer almaktadır. Özellikle 2000'li yıllarda otizm olgularında görülen artışlar, tiyomersalin otizme neden olabileceğine dair endişeleri beraberinde getirmiştir. OSB, farklı genetik ve çevresel kökenlere sahip heterojen bir nörodavranışsal sorunlar bütünüdür. Bu patolojilerin karmaşıklığı ve kesin olarak bilinen diagnostik biyogöstergelerin bulunmaması nedeniyle OSB fenotipik davranış özellikleri ile tanımlanır. Çocukluk çağında, aşılama ile OSB arasındaki olası ilişki potansiyel bir çevresel neden olarak öne sürülmüştür. Cıva ve OSB arasındaki ilişkiye dair endişeler, ilk olarak 1990'larda başlamıştır. Şüpheler nedeniyle tiyomersal, günümüzde ülkemiz dâhil birçok ülkede çocukluk çağında kullanılan aşılardan tamamen kaldırılmıştır. Ancak ABD'de ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, bazı aşılar hâlâ tiyomersal içermektedir. Birçok düzenleyici kuruluş aşılama ile maruz kalınan cıva miktarının oldukça düşük olduğunu ve bu miktarın herhangi bir patolojik duruma neden olmayacağını defalarca ifade etse de günümüzde tiyomersal ile ilgili spekülasyonlar nedeniyle aşı kararsızlığı giderek artmaktadır. Ancak aşılama toplum sağlığının korunması için mutlaka gereklidir. Henüz kesinleşmemiş ve belki de hiç olmayan bu ilişki için çocukları aşılatmamak tüm toplumu büyük risk altına sokmaktadır. Bu derlemede, otizm, tiyomersal ve tiyomersal ile otizm arasındaki olası ilişki hakkında bilgi verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Otizm; tiyomersal; aşı; aşı kararsızlığı
Thiomersal is an organic mercury compound used as antibacterial and antifungal preservative in vaccines. Other than vaccines, it is used in many medical products (immunoglobulin preparations, antitoxins, skin preparations; eye/ear/nose drops; antiseptic ointments, sprays) and cosmetics. The molecular structure of thiomersal consists of 50% mercury and literature suggests that exposure to organic mercury compunds may lead to autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Particularly in 2000s, concerns about thiomersal as a cause of autism has raised. ASD is a combination of heterogeneous neurobehavioral problems with different genetic and environmental origins. Because of the complexity of these pathologies and absence of a well-known diagnostic marker, ASD is characterized by phenotypic behavioral features. Interaction between childhood vaccination and ASD is put forward as a potential environmental cause. Concerns about the association between mercury and ASD first began in the 1990s. Because of doubts, thiomersal has been completely removed from childhood vaccines in many countries, including our country. However, some vaccines in use in the United States and developing countries still contain thiomersal. Although many regulatory organizations have repeatedly stated that amount of mercury exposure by vaccines is very low and will not cause any pathological conditions, vaccine hesitancy is gradually increasing due to speculations about thiomersal. However, vaccination is absolutely neccesary to protect public health. Avoiding childhood vaccination due to unascertained or non-existant relationship puts the whole population under great risk. In this review, we aimed to give information about autism, thiomersal and possible connection between thiomersal and autism.
Keywords: Autism; thiomersal; vaccine; vaccine hesitancy
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