.: ORİJİNAL ARAŞTIRMA
The Comparison of Flexibility and Isokinetic Shoulder Strength in Wheelchair and Able-bodied Basketball Players
Tekerlekli Sandalye Basketbol ve Sağlıklı Basketbol Oyuncularının Omuz İzokinetik Kuvvet ve Esnekliğinin Karşılaştırılması
Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Sci. 2020;12(3):349-57
doi: 10.5336/sportsci.2020-75591
Makale Dili: EN
Tam Metin
ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the flexibility and strength of shoulder rotator cuff muscle of wheelchair basketball players (WBP), able-bodied basketball players (AB-BP) and healthy sedentary individuals. Material and Method: We included 17 WBP (in the age group of 22.5'39 years and a mean age of 28 years), 18 AB-BP (in the age group of 19.5'22 years and a mean age of 21.5 years), and 17 sedentary individuals (in the age group of 25'29 years and a mean age of 26 years) as a control group (CG) in this study. We evaluated flexibility via Apley's scratch test. Moreover, we measured the strength of the external rotator (ER) and internal rotator (IR) muscles with Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Results: Apley's scratch test showed a significant difference among the three groups (p0.05). Although there was no significant difference in terms of ER/IR ratio, this ratio was found to be lower in WBP than the normative values. The concentric-eccentric strength of shoulder rotator cuff muscles of WBP and AB-BP were similar and higher than those of CG. Conclusion: Inadequate flexibility and rotator cuff muscle imbalance are very important in terms of injury risk. To reduce the risk of injury and improve athletic performance, these parameters should be evaluated and necessary exercises should be included in the programs in case of any deficits. Exercise for stretching the shoulder ER and IR muscles should be added in the training programs of WBP. Additionally, the exercises for strengthening the ER muscle groups should also be included in the WBPs' training programs to achieve the normative value.
Keywords: Wheelchair; basketball; shoulder; rotator cuff strength; isokinetic assessment; flexibility
Objective: The objective of this study is to compare the flexibility and strength of shoulder rotator cuff muscle of wheelchair basketball players (WBP), able-bodied basketball players (AB-BP) and healthy sedentary individuals. Material and Method: We included 17 WBP (in the age group of 22.5'39 years and a mean age of 28 years), 18 AB-BP (in the age group of 19.5'22 years and a mean age of 21.5 years), and 17 sedentary individuals (in the age group of 25'29 years and a mean age of 26 years) as a control group (CG) in this study. We evaluated flexibility via Apley's scratch test. Moreover, we measured the strength of the external rotator (ER) and internal rotator (IR) muscles with Cybex isokinetic dynamometer. Results: Apley's scratch test showed a significant difference among the three groups (p0.05). Although there was no significant difference in terms of ER/IR ratio, this ratio was found to be lower in WBP than the normative values. The concentric-eccentric strength of shoulder rotator cuff muscles of WBP and AB-BP were similar and higher than those of CG. Conclusion: Inadequate flexibility and rotator cuff muscle imbalance are very important in terms of injury risk. To reduce the risk of injury and improve athletic performance, these parameters should be evaluated and necessary exercises should be included in the programs in case of any deficits. Exercise for stretching the shoulder ER and IR muscles should be added in the training programs of WBP. Additionally, the exercises for strengthening the ER muscle groups should also be included in the WBPs' training programs to achieve the normative value.
Keywords: Wheelchair; basketball; shoulder; rotator cuff strength; isokinetic assessment; flexibility
ÖZET
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı tekerlekli sandalye basketbol sporcuları (TSBP), sağlıklı basketbol sporcuları (SBP) ve sağlıklı sedanter bireyleri omuz rotator kas kuvveti ve esnekliği bakımından karşılaştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: On yedi TSBP (22,5-39 yaş grubunda ve ortalama 28 yaşında), 18 KBP (19,5-22 yaş grubunda ve ortalama 21,5 yaşında) ve kontrol grubu (KG) olarak 17 sağlıklı sedanter birey (25-29 yaşında ve ortalama 26 yaş grubunda) çalışmaya dahil edildi. Esneklik Apley's scratch testi ile değerlendirildi. Eksternal rotator (ER) ve internal rotator (IR) kasların gücü Cybex izokinetik dinamometre ile ölçüldü. Bulgular: Üç grup arasında Apley's scratch testinde anlamlı fark bulundu (p0,05). ER/IR oran bakımından anlamlı bir fark olmamakla birlikte, bu oranın TSBP'de normatif değerlere göre daha düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. TSBP ve SBP'nin omuz rotator kaslarının konsentrik-eksantrik kuvveti benzer ve KG'dekilerden daha yüksekti. Sonuç: Yetersiz esneklik ve rotator manşet kas dengesizliği yaralanma riski açısından çok önemlidir. Yaralanma riskini azaltmak ve atletik performansı geliştirmek için bu parametreler değerlendirilmeli ve herhangi bir defisit durumunda antrenman programlarına gerekli egzersizler dahil edilmelidir. TSBP antrenman programlarına omuz ER ve IR kasları için germe egzersizleri eklenmelidir. Ayrıca, normatif değere ulaşmak için ER kas gruplarını kuvvetlendirmeye yönelik egzersizler de TSBP'lerin antrenman programlarına dahil edilmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Tekerlekli sandalye; basketbol; rotator manşet kuvveti; izokinetik değerlendirme; esneklik
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı tekerlekli sandalye basketbol sporcuları (TSBP), sağlıklı basketbol sporcuları (SBP) ve sağlıklı sedanter bireyleri omuz rotator kas kuvveti ve esnekliği bakımından karşılaştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: On yedi TSBP (22,5-39 yaş grubunda ve ortalama 28 yaşında), 18 KBP (19,5-22 yaş grubunda ve ortalama 21,5 yaşında) ve kontrol grubu (KG) olarak 17 sağlıklı sedanter birey (25-29 yaşında ve ortalama 26 yaş grubunda) çalışmaya dahil edildi. Esneklik Apley's scratch testi ile değerlendirildi. Eksternal rotator (ER) ve internal rotator (IR) kasların gücü Cybex izokinetik dinamometre ile ölçüldü. Bulgular: Üç grup arasında Apley's scratch testinde anlamlı fark bulundu (p0,05). ER/IR oran bakımından anlamlı bir fark olmamakla birlikte, bu oranın TSBP'de normatif değerlere göre daha düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. TSBP ve SBP'nin omuz rotator kaslarının konsentrik-eksantrik kuvveti benzer ve KG'dekilerden daha yüksekti. Sonuç: Yetersiz esneklik ve rotator manşet kas dengesizliği yaralanma riski açısından çok önemlidir. Yaralanma riskini azaltmak ve atletik performansı geliştirmek için bu parametreler değerlendirilmeli ve herhangi bir defisit durumunda antrenman programlarına gerekli egzersizler dahil edilmelidir. TSBP antrenman programlarına omuz ER ve IR kasları için germe egzersizleri eklenmelidir. Ayrıca, normatif değere ulaşmak için ER kas gruplarını kuvvetlendirmeye yönelik egzersizler de TSBP'lerin antrenman programlarına dahil edilmelidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Tekerlekli sandalye; basketbol; rotator manşet kuvveti; izokinetik değerlendirme; esneklik
REFERANSLAR:
- Gil-Agudo A, Del Ama-Espinosa A, Crespo-Ruiz B. Wheelchair basketball quantification. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2010;21(1):141-56. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Curtis KA, Black K. Shoulder pain in female wheelchair basketball players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1999;29(4):225-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yanci J, Granados C, Otero M, Badiola A, Olasagasti J, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, et al. Sprint, agility, strength and endurance capacity in wheelchair basketball players. Biol Sport. 2015;32(1):71-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Price R, Ashwell ZR, Chang MW, Boninger ML, Koontz AM, Sisto SA. Upper-limb joint power and its distribution in spinal cord injured wheelchair users: steady-state self-selected speed versus maximal acceleration trials. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(4):456-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Burnham RS, May L, Nelson E, Steadward R, Reid DC. Shoulder pain in wheelchair athletes. The role of muscle imbalance. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21(2):238-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mulroy SJ, Gronley JK, Newsam CJ, Perry J. Electromyographic activity of shoulder muscles during wheelchair propulsion by paraplegic persons. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(2):187-93. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Başar S, Ergün N, Yiğiter Bayramlar K. A comparative study of muscle strength and anaerobic power of the young national and national junior wheelchair basketball players. Turk J Phys Med Rehab. 2013;59:325-9. [Crossref]
- Cools AM, Johansson FR, Borms D, Maenhout A. Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a science-based approach. Braz J Phys Ther. 2015;19(5):331-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Akbar M, Brunner M, Ewerbeck V, Wiedenhöfer B, Grieser T, Bruckner T, et al. Do overhead sports increase risk for rotator cuff tears in wheelchair users? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;96(3):484-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Berckmans K, Maenhout AG, Matthijs L, Pieters L, Castelein B, Cools AM. The isokinetic rotator cuff strength ratios in overhead athletes: assessment and exercise effect. Phys Ther Sport. 2017;27:65-75. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Edouard P, Samozino P, Julia M, Cervera SG, Vanbiervliet W, Calmels P, et al. Reliability of isokinetic assessment of shoulder-rotator strength: a systematic review of the effect of position. J Sport Rehabil. 2011;20(3):367-83. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nyland J, Robinson K, Caborn D, Knapp E, Brosky T. Shoulder rotator torque and wheelchair dependence differences of National Wheelchair Basketball Association players. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(4):358-63. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Feter N, Calonego C, Cavanhi AC, del Vecchio FB. Wheelchair basketball: fitness and quality of life. Eur J Adapt Phys Act. 2018;11(1):1-11. [Crossref]
- Ellenbecker TS, Davies GJ. The application of isokinetics in testing and rehabilitation of the shoulder complex. J Athl Train. 2000;35(3):338-50. [PubMed]
- Moraes GFS, Faria CDCM, Teixeira-Salmela LF. Scapular muscle recruitment patterns and isokinetic strength ratios of the shoulder rotator muscles in individuals with and without impingement syndrome. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008;17(1 Suppl):48S-53S. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pontaga I, Zidens J. Shoulder rotator muscle dynamometry characteristics: side asymmetry and correlations with ball-throwing speed in adolescent handball players. J Hum Kinet. 2014;42:41-50. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cools AMJ, Struyf F, De Mey K, Maenhout A, Castelein B, Cagnie B. Rehabilitation of scapular dyskinesis: from the office worker to the elite overhead athlete. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(8):692-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wilroy J, Hibberd E. Evaluation of a shoulder injury prevention program in wheelchair basketball. J Sport Rehabil. 2018;27(6):554-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mulroy SJ, Farrokhi S, Newsam CJ, Perry J. Effects of spinal cord injury level on the activity of shoulder muscles during wheelchair propulsion: an electromyographic study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(6):925-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Collinger JL, Boninger ML, Koontz AM, Price R, Sisto SA, Tolerico ML, et al. Shoulder biomechanics during the push phase of wheelchair propulsion: a multisite study of persons with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(4):667-76. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kotajarvi BR, Basford JR, An KN. Upper-extremity torque production in men with paraplegia who use wheelchairs. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(4):441-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bernard PL, Codine P, Minier J. Isokinetic shoulder rotator muscles in wheelchair athletes. Spinal Cord. 2004;42(4):222-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Johansson FR, Skillgate E, Lapauw ML, Clijmans D, Deneulin VP, Palmans T, et al. Measuring eccentric strength of the shoulder external rotators using a handheld dynamometer: reliability and validity. J Athl Train. 2015;50(7):719-25. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Freitas PS, Santana TS, Manoel LS, de Souza Serenza F, Riberto M. A comparison of isokinetic rotator cuff performance in wheelchair basketball athletes vs. non-athletes with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;1-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Marszałek J, Kosmol A, Morgulec-Adamowicz N, Mróz A, Gryko K, Klavina A, et al. Laboratory and non-laboratory assessment of anaerobic performance of elite male wheelchair basketball athletes. Front Psychol. 2019;10:514. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Calmels P, Berthouze S, Barral FG, Domenach M, Minaire P. A comparative study of the muscle strength and mass of the arm flexors and extensors in paraplegic and in non paraplegic basketball players. Paraplegia. 1992;30(7):509-16. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Uzun S, Pourmoghaddam A, Hieronymus M, Thrasher TA. Evaluation of muscle fatigue of wheelchair basketball players with spinal cord injury using recurrence quantification analysis of surface EMG. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(11):3847-57. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Külünkoğlu B, Akkubak Y, Ergun N. The profile of upper extremity muscular strength in female wheelchair basketball players: a pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(5):606-11. [PubMed]
- Wilk KE, Obma P, Simpson CD, Cain EL, Dugas JR, Andrews JR. Shoulder injuries in the overhead athlete. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):38-54. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Challoumas D, Stavrou A, Dimitrakakis G. The volleyball athlete's shoulder: biomechanical adaptations and injury associations. Sports Biomech. 2017;16(2):220-37. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lin HT, Ko HT, Lee KC, Chen YC, Wang DC. The changes in shoulder rotation strength ratio for various shoulder positions and speeds in the scapular plane between baseball players and non-players. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(5):1559-63. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
.: İşlem Listesi