Cancer patients are one of the susceptible populations at risk of infections due to intensive and immune response-altering treatments. Among the infections, Streptococcus pneumoniae-related infections have a significant impact on cancer patients. These infections can be seen as mild or invasive type which varies in severity according to the type of cancer. Invasive pneumococcal disease is a serious infection that increases morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Ensuring the integrity of patients' immunity is essential in order to maintain safe and effective cancer treatment processes. International guidelines and health authorities recommend that cancer patients should receive pneumococcal vaccines against pneumococcal diseases. The administration of vaccines in cancer patients is more complicated than in any other patient groups due to ongoing immunosuppressive treatments, which results in not achieved desired rates in pneumococcal vaccination. The vaccination process requires comprehensive assessment of the factors directly related with cancer, such as cancer type/diagnosis, cancer stage, type of treatment and scheduled treatment along with other patient-related factors. Sustainability of immunization in adult population can be achieved by implementation of vaccination programs, although logistics, economic, social, and epidemiological factors hinder its implementation. In order to increase the vaccination rates, health professionals should work in cooperation with the patient. Pharmacists, as healthcare professionals, have contributed to increased vaccination rates in cancer patients by providing vaccine consultancy and as vaccine practitioners in some countries. This review focuses on pneumococcal infections observed in cancer patients, vaccination process, and pharmacist's role in vaccination.
Keywords: Cancer survivors; Streptococcus pneumoniae infections; pharmacist; vaccination
Kanser hastaları, almış oldukları yoğun ve bağışıklık yanıtını değiştiren tedaviler nedeniyle enfeksiyon riski altındaki duyarlı popülasyonlardan biridir. Bu enfeksiyonlar arasında Streptococcus pneumoniae enfeksiyonları kanser hastalarında önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu enfeksiyonlar, kanserin tipine göre şiddeti değişen hafif veya invaziv tipte görülebilmektedir. İnvaziv pnömokok hastalığı, kanser hastalarında morbidite ve mortaliteyi artıran ciddi bir enfeksiyondur. Güvenli ve etkili kanser tedavi süreçlerini sürdürmek için hastaların bağışıklığının bütünlüğünü sağlamak çok önemlidir. Uluslararası kılavuzlar ve sağlık otoriteleri, kanser hastalarının pnömokok hastalıklarına karşı pnömokok aşısı ile aşılanmalarını önermektedir. Kanser hastalarında aşıların uygulanması, devam eden immünsupresif tedaviler nedeniyle diğer hasta gruplarına göre daha karmaşıktır ve bu da pnömokok aşısıyla aşılamada istenilen oranlara ulaşılamaması ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Aşılama süreci, kanser türü, kanser tanısı, kanser evresi, tedavi türü ve planlanan tedavi süreci gibi kanserle doğrudan ilişkili faktörlerin ve hastayla ilgili diğer faktörlerin kapsamlı bir değerlendirmesini gerektirmektedir. Lojistik, ekonomik, sosyal ve epidemiyolojik faktörler aşı uygulanması önündeki bariyerler olsa da erişkin popülasyonda bağışıklamanın sürdürülebilirliği, aşılama programlarının uygulanmasıyla sağlanabilmektedir. Aşılanma oranlarının artması için sağlık profesyonellerinin hasta ile iş birliği içerisinde çalışması gerekmektedir. Eczacılar, sağlık profesyonelleri olarak, aşı danışmanlığı yaparak ve bazı ülkelerde aşı uygulayıcısı olarak kanser hastalarında aşı oranlarının artmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu derleme, kanser hastalarında gözlenen pnömokok enfeksiyonları, aşılama süreci ve eczacının aşılamadaki rolüne odaklanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kanser survivorları; Streptococcus pneumoniae enfeksiyonları; eczacılar; aşılama
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