İnsan beden veya zihni üzerinde, tedavinin ötesinde performansı daha da artırmaya yönelik müdahaleleri, 'insanı geliştirme' olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Doping, en sık başvurulan insanı geliştirme biçimlerinden biridir ve geçmişi antikiteye dek uzanmaktadır. Özellikle 19. yüzyılda modern tıp ve farmakolojinin gelişimini müteakiben sporcular arasında giderek yayılmış, kimi zaman devlet talimatıyla kimi zaman ise bireysel tercihler doğrultusunda varlığını sürdürmüştür. Kaydedilen doping nedenli ciddi sağlık sorunları ve hatta ölümler dahi sporcular üzerinde nadiren caydırıcı bir etki yapabilmiştir. İlgili belirleyici kuruluşların (Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi, Dünya Anti-Doping Ajansı) dopingi yasaklama ve doping yaptığı saptanan sporcuları olimpiyatlardan menetme gibi yaptırımları da yeterince vazgeçirici olamamış, fakat kişileri, kontrollerde saptanamayacak kimyasallar bulmaya sevk etmiştir. Teknoloji ve farmakolojinin insan bedeni üzerinde bu derece yoğun kullanımı, günümüzde ilgili tartışmalarda doping ve dopingle mücadele tarihinde vurgulanan 'doğal' ve 'doğal olmayan' ayrımına ilaveten, 'kimin ya da neyin insan olduğu' gibi temel bir soruyu daha gündeme getirmiştir. Görünen o ki çeşitli insanı geliştirme teknik ve teknolojilerinin yaygınlaşması, sporda ve dolayısıyla doping tarihinde yeni bir dönemin başlangıcına işaret etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Spor; insanı geliştirme; doping; dopingle mücadele; tarih
Interventions that go beyond treatment by providing improvement in the physical and mental human performance are commonly referred to as ?human enhancement.? Doping is one of the most frequently applied forms of human enhancement, its history dating back to antiquity. Particularly after the development of modern medicine and pharmacology in the 19th century, it became gradually widespread among athletes and has since been maintained occasionally by state mandate or by individual choice. The serious health problems and even deaths observed due to doping could hardly have a deterrent effect on its application. Neither could the leading entities' (International Olympic Committee; World Anti-Doping Agency) sanctions prohibiting doping and disqualifying athletes found doping-positive from participating in the olympics be sufficiently restraining, but instead leading to a search for chemicals undetectable during examinations. Besides the distinction highlighted between the 'natural' and 'unnatural' in the history of doping and anti-doping, such intense use of technology and pharmacology in the human body has recently brought up in the relevant discussion another basic question as to 'who or what is a human.' It appears that the proliferation of various human enhancement techniques and technologies has marked a new period in the history of sport and thus that of doping.
Keywords: Sport; human enhancement; doping; anti-doping; history
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