Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

.: RESEARCH
Sporda İnsanı Geliştirme: Doping ve Dopingle Mücadelenin Tarihi
Human Enhancement in Sports: The History of Doping and Anti-Doping
Hakan ERTİNa, Tayyibe BARDAKÇIb
aİstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik ABD, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
bİstinye Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Deontoloji ve Tıp Tarihi ABD, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2020;28(1):99-109
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2019-71091
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 İnsan beden veya zihni üzerinde, tedavinin ötesinde performansı daha da artırmaya yönelik müdahaleleri, 'insanı geliştirme' olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Doping, en sık başvurulan insanı geliştirme biçimlerinden biridir ve geçmişi antikiteye dek uzanmaktadır. Özellikle 19. yüzyılda modern tıp ve farmakolojinin gelişimini müteakiben sporcular arasında giderek yayılmış, kimi zaman devlet talimatıyla kimi zaman ise bireysel tercihler doğrultusunda varlığını sürdürmüştür. Kaydedilen doping nedenli ciddi sağlık sorunları ve hatta ölümler dahi sporcular üzerinde nadiren caydırıcı bir etki yapabilmiştir. İlgili belirleyici kuruluşların (Uluslararası Olimpiyat Komitesi, Dünya Anti-Doping Ajansı) dopingi yasaklama ve doping yaptığı saptanan sporcuları olimpiyatlardan menetme gibi yaptırımları da yeterince vazgeçirici olamamış, fakat kişileri, kontrollerde saptanamayacak kimyasallar bulmaya sevk etmiştir. Teknoloji ve farmakolojinin insan bedeni üzerinde bu derece yoğun kullanımı, günümüzde ilgili tartışmalarda doping ve dopingle mücadele tarihinde vurgulanan 'doğal' ve 'doğal olmayan' ayrımına ilaveten, 'kimin ya da neyin insan olduğu' gibi temel bir soruyu daha gündeme getirmiştir. Görünen o ki çeşitli insanı geliştirme teknik ve teknolojilerinin yaygınlaşması, sporda ve dolayısıyla doping tarihinde yeni bir dönemin başlangıcına işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Spor; insanı geliştirme; doping; dopingle mücadele; tarih
ABSTRACT
 Interventions that go beyond treatment by providing improvement in the physical and mental human performance are commonly referred to as ?human enhancement.? Doping is one of the most frequently applied forms of human enhancement, its history dating back to antiquity. Particularly after the development of modern medicine and pharmacology in the 19th century, it became gradually widespread among athletes and has since been maintained occasionally by state mandate or by individual choice. The serious health problems and even deaths observed due to doping could hardly have a deterrent effect on its application. Neither could the leading entities' (International Olympic Committee; World Anti-Doping Agency) sanctions prohibiting doping and disqualifying athletes found doping-positive from participating in the olympics be sufficiently restraining, but instead leading to a search for chemicals undetectable during examinations. Besides the distinction highlighted between the 'natural' and 'unnatural' in the history of doping and anti-doping, such intense use of technology and pharmacology in the human body has recently brought up in the relevant discussion another basic question as to 'who or what is a human.' It appears that the proliferation of various human enhancement techniques and technologies has marked a new period in the history of sport and thus that of doping.

Keywords: Sport; human enhancement; doping; anti-doping; history
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www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com