Kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığında kolinerjik sistemin aktivitesi artar, bu da solunum yolu düz kaslarını kasarak soluk alışverişini sınırlandırır. Bu nedenle kolinerjik sinir sistemi aktivitesinin arttığı kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı gibi olguların tedavisinde, antikolinerjik ilaçlar kullanılmaktadır. Antikolinerjik ilaçların bu endikasyonda kullanımı, asetilkolinin bronkokonstriksiyon ve mukus salgısını artırıcı etkisinin azaltılmasına dayanmaktadır. Son yapılan deneysel çalışmalar, asetilkolinin yangıda da önemli rol oynadığını ortaya koymuştur. Muskarinik M3 reseptör-noksan fareler ve M3 selektif antagonistler kullanılarak yapılan çalışmalar, parankimal hücrelerdeki M3 reseptörlerinin asetilkolinin proinflamatuar etkisine aracılık ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Beta-2 (β2) adrenerjik agonist ile muskarinik antagonist kombinasyonlarının kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı tedavisinde kullanılması önerilmektedir. Bu öneri, β2 adrenerjik reseptör uyarımının M3 reseptörlerini antagonize ederek farklı bir yolakla inflamatuar hücrelerde inhibisyona yol açacağına dayanmaktadır ancak bu antiinflamatuar etkiler, kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığında açıkça ortaya konulamamıştır. Muskarinik reseptörler aracılığıyla, asetilkolinin proinflamatuar etkilerinin aksine parasempatik sinir sistemini içeren kolinerjik antiinflamatuar yol, doku hasarı ve enfeksiyon durumunda organları korumak için aşırı inflamatuar yanıtları düzenler. Diğer yandan asetilkolinin, α7 nikotinik asetilkolin reseptör aracılığıyla makrofajlar ve Tip 2 doğal lenfoid hücreler dâhil olmak üzere lökositler üzerinde inhibitör etki oluşturduğu ortaya konmuştur. Kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığında, asetilkolinin antiinflamatuar hücreler üzerindeki bu inhibe edici etkisi tam olarak ortaya konmasa da kolinerjik antiinflamatuar yolağı içeren nöroimmün etkileşimlerin terapötik bir hedef olabileceği belirtilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Solunum sistemi hastalıkları; kolinerjik sinir sistemi
The activity of the cholinergic system increases in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease this restricts breathing exchange by contracting the airway smooth muscles. Therefore, anticholinergic drugs are used in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is increased cholinergic nervous system activity. The use of anticholinergic drugs in this indication is based on reducing the effect of acetylcholine on bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion. Recent experimental studies have shown that acetylcholine also plays an important role in inflammation. Studies with muscarinic M3 receptor-deficient mice and M3 selective antagonists have demonstrated that M3 receptors in parenchymal cells mediate the pro-inflammatory effect of acetylcholine. The combination of β2 adrenergic agonist and muscarinic antagonist is recommended in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This recommendation is based on the fact that β2 adrenergic receptor stimulation will antagonize M3 receptors and leads to inhibition of inflammatory cells in a different way, but these anti-inflammatory effects have not been clearly demonstrated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In contrast to the pro-inflammatory effects of acetylcholine through muscarinic receptors, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulates excessive inflammatory responses to protect organs in case of tissue damage and infection. On the other hand, acetylcholine has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on leukocytes, macrophages and type 2 natural lymphoid cells through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Although the inhibitory effect of acetylcholine on inflammatory cells in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has not been fully established, it is stated that neuroimmune interactions involving cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway may be a therapeutic target.
Keywords: Respiratory system diseases; cholinergic nervous system
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