Organ nakilleri, organ yetersizliklerinde başvurulan etkili bir tedavi seçeneğidir. Günümüzde çokça kullanılan bu uygulamayı sınırlandıran en önemli etken organ bağışlarının yetersiz düzeyde olmasıdır. Hastalar, organ bağışı yetersizliği ve uzun bekleme listeleri karşısında başka bir ülkeye seyahat etmeyi ve ticari nakil ile organ naklî olmayı bir çözüm olarak görmektedir ve bu durum nakil turizmi kavramını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Uluslararası sözleşmeleri, yasaları ve hasta haklarını ihlal eden organ naklî turizmi, önemli etik ve hukuki sorunları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, tüm dünyada gün geçtikçe artan organ naklî turizminin ortaya çıkardığı etik sorunlar ve ikilemlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, canlı donörlerden nakil konusunda en çok tartışılan etik konu olan donöre bağış karşılığı para verme olgusu ile organ naklî turizminin, yasal ve etik boyutlarından bahsedilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, nakil turizmi piyasası ve ülkelerin yasal düzenlemeleri irdelenmiş; organ naklî turizmi sağlık etiği bakış açısıyla detaylandırılarak incelenmiştir. Savunmasız bir kitleyi, maddi çıkarları gözetilse bile kullanmanın da yarattığı etik ikilemler tartışılarak bu derleme çalışması hazırlanmıştır. Organ naklî turizminde, etik faktörlerin göz ardı edilmesinin birçok yönden hem alıcı hem verici hem de sağlık sistemlerine zarar verdiği kaçınılmaz bir gerçektir ama alıcıya fayda sağlama ihtimalinden dolayı da ikilemlere sebep olan bir uygulamadır. Yaşanan etik ikilemler de göz önüne alındığında, ülkelerin organ bağışı oranlarını artırıcı ve nakil turizmine ilgiyi azaltıcı uygulamalarla harekete geçmeleri önerilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Organ naklî; organ naklî turizmi; sağlık etiği; etik ikilem
Organ transplants are an effective treatment option for organ failure. The most important factor limiting this practice, which is widely used today, is the insufficient level of organ donations. In the face of the lack of organ donation and long waiting lists, patients see traveling to another country and commercial transplantation as a solution, and this has created the concept of transplant tourism. Organ transplant tourism, which violates international conventions, laws and patient rights, has brought important ethical and legal problems. In this study, it is aimed to examine the ethical problems and dilemmas caused by organ transplant tourism, which is increasing day by day all over the world. In the study, the most discussed ethical issue regarding donation from living donors, giving money to donor in return for donation and the legal and ethical dimensions of organ transplant tourism are mentioned. Within the scope of the study, the transport tourism market and the legal regulations of the countries were examined; organ transplant tourism has been studied in detail from the perspective of health ethics. This review study has been prepared by discussing the ethical dilemmas created by using a vulnerable population, even if financial interests are considered. It is an inevitable fact that ignoring ethical factors in organ transplant tourism harms both the recipient, the donor and the health systems in many ways, but it is a practice that causes dilemmas due to the possibility of benefiting the recipient. Considering the ethical dilemmas experienced, it is recommended that countries take action with practices that increase organ donation rates and reduce interest in transplant tourism.
Keywords: Transplantation; transplant tourism; health ethics; ethical dilemma
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