İntestinal mikrobiyota sindirim sistemi, deri, ürogenital sistem ve solunum sisteminde bulunan çeşitli mikroorganizmalardan oluşmaktadır. Probiyotik, prebiyotik ve bu 2 bileşenin kombinasyonundan oluşan sinbiyotikler mikrobiyota homeostazınının sağlanmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Postbiyotik kavramı ise probiyotik, prebiyotik ve sinbiyotiklere kıyasla son yıllarda gelişmekte olan yeni bir kavramdır. Probiyotik, bakterilerin metabolik aktiviteleri sonucunda postbiyotik adı verilen, suda çözünebilen ekzopolisakkarid, organik asit, kısa zincirli yağ asitleri, lipoteikoik asit, hücre yüzey proteinleri, vitamin ve bakteriyosin gibi metabolitler üretilmektedir. Postbiyotikler; termal işlem, yüksek basınç, ultraviyole ışın ve sonikasyon gibi çeşitli yöntemlerle Lactobacillus ve Bifidobacterium gibi probiyotik mikroorganizmaların inaktivasyonundan elde edilmektedir. Postbiyotikler, bakteriyosin üretimi ile bağırsak mikrobiyotası ve epitel bariyer fonksiyonunun düzenlenmesi, peptidoglikan, lipoteikoik asit ve ekzopolisakkarid gibi metabolitlerin üretimi ile immün hücre yanıtının modülasyonu, antibiyofilm özelliği ile patojenlere karşı inhibitör rol üstlenmesi gibi çeşitli özelliklere sahiptir. Bu özellikleri ile antienfektif, antibakteriyel ve antioksidan etki göstererek konakçı sağlığını olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca postbiyotiklerin proapoptotik hücrelerin ölüm yolaklarını aktive ederek kolorektal kanser üzerinde de olumlu etkilerinin olabileceğini gösteren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Konakçı sağlığı üzerindeki etkilerine ek olarak ekzopolisakkarid ve bakteriyosin gibi postbiyotik çeşitleri emülgatör, stabilizatör ve kıvam artırıcı özellikleri ile besin endüstrisinde sıkça kullanılmaktadır. Tüm bu özellikleri ile postbiyotikler sağlık üzerine etkileri açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu derleme, postbiyotikler ve sağlık üzerine etkilerini incelemek amacıyla yazılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Postbiyotik; probiyotik; mikrobiyota; sağlık
Intestinal microbiota consists of various microorganisms found in digestive system, skin, urogenital system and respiratory system. Synbiotics consisting of probiotics, prebiotics and the combination of these two components play an important role in maintaining microbiota homeostasis. The concept of postbiotics is a new concept that has been developing in recent years compared to probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. As a result of the metabolic activities of probiotic bacteria, metabolites such as water-soluble exopolysaccharide, organic acid, short-chain fatty acids, lipoteichoic acid, cell surface proteins, vitamins and bacteriocin are produced. Postbiotics are obtained from the inactivation of probiotic microorganisms such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium by various methods such as thermal treatment, high pressure, ultraviolet light and sonication. Postbiotics have various features such as bacteriocin production and regulation of intestinal microbiota and epithelial barrier function, modulation of immune cell response with the production of metabolites such as peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid and exopolysaccharide, their antibiofilm feature and inhibitory role against pathogens. With these properties, it affects the host health positively by showing antiinfective, antibacterial and antioxidant effects. In addition, there are studies showing that postbiotics may have positive effects on colorectal cancer by activating the death pathways of proapoptotic cells. In addition to their effects on host health, postbiotic varieties such as exopolysaccharide and bacteriocin are frequently used in the food industry with their emulsifier, stabilizer and thickener properties. With all these features, postbiotics are important in terms of their effects on health. This review was written to examine postbiotics and their effects on health.
Keywords: Postbiotic; probiotic; microbiota; health
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