Oksisteroller, kolesterolün oksidasyonu sonucu oluşan 27-C'li yan ürünleridir. Farklı kimyasal yapılara sahip çok sayıda oksisterol türevi bulunmaktadır. Kolesterol molekülüne bir oksijenli fonksiyonel grubun çeşitli pozisyonlarda eklenmesi ile oluşan oksisteroller, kolesterol molekülünün yarı ömrünü büyük ölçüde azaltmaktadır. Bu moleküller, kolesterolün vücuttan atılımını artırır ya da suda çözünen safra asitlerinin oksidasyon reaksiyonlarına aracılık eder. Ayrıca, molekülün, lipofilik membranları geçmesine olanak sağlar. Oksisteroller, özellikle steroid yan zincirine oksijen eklenmesiyle kolaylıkla hücrelerden dışarı taşınabilir ve böylece ekstrahepatik kaynaklardan kolesterolün uzaklaştırılmasını kolaylaştırır. Oksisteroller, enzimatik ve enzimatik olmayan yollarla olmak üzere iki farklı yolaktan oluşabilir veya üretilir. Dolaşımda ve dokularda enzimatik yolla oluşan oksisteroller daha fazla bulunmaktadır ve bu türevler vücutta önemli biyolojik faaliyetlerin regülasyonunda görevler almaktadır. Enzimatik olmayan (oto-oksidasyon) yolla oluşan oksisterol türevleri ise patolojik olayların oluşumuna katkıda bulunurlar. Sitotoksik ve pro-apoptotik özellikleri yanı sıra inflamatuar yanıtları indükledikleri ve hücre farklılaşma sürecinde yer almaları nedeniyle ateroskleroz, yaşlanma, Alzheimer ve kanser gibi pek çok hastalığın oluşum mekanizmasında rol oynadıkları belirtilmektedir. Memeli dokularında çok düşük konsantrasyonlarda olduğu belirlenen oksisteroller, pek çok patolojik durumda dokularda yüksek düzeylere ulaşabilmektedir. Bu nedenle, kolesterolün atılım yolaklarında oluşan bu moleküllerin hastalıkların teşhisi ve izlenmesinde biyobelirteç olarak kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, pek çok hastalığın patogenezi ile de ilişkilendirilen oksisterollerin biyolojik etkileri ve kronik hastalıklarla ilişkileri ortaya konulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Oksisteroller; kolesterol; oto-oksidasyon; kronik hastalık
Oxysterols are with 27-C by-side products formed by oxidation of cholesterol. There are numerous oxysterol derivatives with different chemical structures. Oxysterols formed by the addition of an oxygenated functional group to the cholesterol molecule greatly reduce the half-life of the cholesterol molecule. These molecules increase the excretion of cholesterol or mediate the oxidation reactions of water-soluble bile acids. It allows the molecule to pass through the lipophilic membranes. Oxysterols can be easily transported out of the cells with addition of oxygen to the steroid side chain, thus facilitating the removal of cholesterol from extrahepatic sources. Oxysterols can be formed by two different pathways, enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. There are more enzymatic occurring oxysterols in circulation and tissues. Enzymatic occurring oxysterols are involved in the regulation of important biological activity in the body. Oxysterol derivatives which are formed by non-enzymatic (auto-oxidation) pathways contribute to the formation of pathological events. In addition to their cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic properties, they induce inflammatory responses and are involved in the process of cell differentiation and they play a role in the formation of many diseases such as atherosclerosis, aging, Alzheimer and cancer. Oxysterols in very low concentrations in mammalian tissues can reach high levels in tissues in pathological conditions. Therefore, it is thought that these molecules formed in cholesterol's excretion pathways can be used as biomarkers in diagnosing and monitoring diseases. In this review, the biological effects of oxysterols associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases and their relationship with chronic diseases have been demonstrated.
Keywords: Oxysterols; cholesterol; auto-oxidation; chronic disease
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