Vasküler malformasyonlar, vaskülogenezis esnasında meydana gelen hatalar sonucu oluşmaktadır. Doğumda mevcuttur, ancak yaşamın ilerleyen zamanlarına kadar belirgin olmayabilmektedir. Bu malformasyonlar en sık baş ve boyunda bulunur, ancak vücudun herhangi bir yerinde ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu malformasyonlar sıklıkla deride görülür, ancak iç organları veya kemikleri nadiren etkilerler; yaklaşık %51 baş-boyunda meydana gelir ve erkek /kadın oranı 1/1,5'tir. Maksillofasiyal bölgedeki arteriyovenöz malformasyonları yönetmek karmaşıktır ve nüks oranı yüksektir. Arteriyovenöz malformasyonlar, karmaşık klinik görüntüleri olan ve vasküler malformasyonlar arasında hızlı akım gösterenler olarak bilinen konjenital lezyonlardır. Bu malformasyonlar, hızlı akım gösterdikleri için teşhis ve tedavisi önem arz etmektedir. Klinik görüntü değişkendir ve malformasyonun tipine olduğu kadar yerleşimine, boyutuna ve diğer yapılarla ilişkisine bağlıdır. Arteriyovenöz malformasyonların tanısı hem klinik sunuma hem de manyetik rezonans görüntülemeye özel önem verilerek bunu tamamlayan görüntüleme tekniklerine dayanmaktadır. Arteriyovenöz malformasyonların tedavisindeki güçlüklerden dolayı girişimsel radyolog, plastik cerrah, oftalmolojist, beyin cerrahı, diş hekiminden oluşan multidisipliner bie ekip yaklaşımını zorunlu kılar. Malformasyona ve klinik prezentasyona bağlı olarak tedavi seçenekleri; medikasyon, girişimsel teknikler veya cerrahi yolla olabilmektedir. Arteriyovenöz malformasyonları tedavi etmek için bildirilen yönetim teknikleri; embolizasyon, skleroterapi, lazer, cerrahi rezeksiyon ve güncel yaklaşımları içermektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı, arteriyovenöz malformasyon tedavisine ilişkin kapsamlı derleme ve güncel kavramları belirlemek, tanı ve tedavi yöntemleri hakkında bilgi sunmaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Arteriyovenöz malformasyonlar; embolizasyon; kanama
Vascular malformations occur as a result of errors occurring during vasculogenesis. It is present at birth but may not become apparent until later in life. These malformations are most commonly found in the head and neck, but can occur anywhere in the body. They are often seen on the skin but rarely affect internal organs or bones; approximately 51% occur in the head and neck, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.5. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital lesions that have complex clinical images and are known to show rapid flow among vascular malformations. These malformations are frequently observed in the maxillofacial region. Managing AVMs in the maxillofacial region is complex, with a high recurrence rate. Since these malformations show rapid flow, their diagnosis and treatment are important. The clinical picture is variable and depends on the type of malformation as well as its location, size, and relationship with other structures. In this review, we aimed to present the diagnosis and treatment of AVMs with up-to-date information. The diagnosis of AVMs is based on both clinical presentation and imaging techniques that complement it, with special emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging. Due to the challenges in treating AVMs, it necessitates a multidisciplinary team approach involving interventional radiologists, plastic surgeons, ophthalmologists, neurosurgeons, and dentists. Treatment depending on the malformation and clinical presentation; It can be done through medication, interventional techniques or surgery. Reported management techniques for treating AVMs include embolization, sclerotherapy, laser therapy, surgical resection, and current approaches. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and update on the treatment of arteriovenous malformations, identifying current concepts, and discussing diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
Keywords: Arteriovenous malformations; embolization; haemorrhage
- Cronenwett JL, Johnston KW, Rutherford RB. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier; 2014.
- Mulliken JB, Zetter BR, Folkman J. In vitro characteristics of endothelium from hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Surgery. 1982;92(2):348-53. [PubMed]
- Clemens RK, Pfammatter T, Meier TO, Alomari AI, Amann-Vesti BR. Vascular malformations revisited. Vasa. 2015;44(1):5-22. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zheng JW, Zhou Q, Yang XJ, Wang YA, Fan XD, Zhou GY, et al. Treatment guideline for hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck. Head Neck. 2010;32(8):1088-98. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Uller W, Alomari AI, Richter GT. Arteriovenous malformations. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2014;23(4):203-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kunimoto K, Yamamoto Y, Jinnin M. ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies and molecular biology. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(4):2358. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- McClinton MA. Tumors and aneurysms of the upper extremity. Hand Clin. 1993;9(1):151-69. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Carneiro SC, Batista LL, Vasconcelos BC, Maranhão CA, Panazzolo G, Queiroz IV, et al. Massive oral hemorrhage due to mandibular arteriovenous malformation treated with percutaneous approach--a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67(11):2525-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kluba S, Meiss A, Prey N, Ernemann U, Reinert S, Hoffmann J. Manifestation einer arteriovenösen Malformation nach Zahnextraktion [Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: life-threatening manifestation during tooth extraction]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 2007;11(2):107-13. German. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kohout MP, Hansen M, Pribaz JJ, Mulliken JB. Arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck: natural history and management. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102(3):643-54. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rockman CB, Rosen RJ, Jacobowitz GR, Weiswasser J, Hofstee DJ, Fioole B, et al. Transcatheter embolization of extremity vascular malformations: the long-term success of multiple interventions. Ann Vasc Surg. 2003;17(4):417-23. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bradley JP, Zide BM, Berenstein A, Longaker MT. Large arteriovenous malformations of the face: aesthetic results with recurrence control. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103(2):351-61. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chen W, Wang J, Li J, Xu L. Comprehensive treatment of arteriovenous malformations in the oral and maxillofacial region. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;63(10):1484-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lee BB, Bergan JJ. Advanced management of congenital vascular malformations: a multidisciplinary approach. Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;10(6):523-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Motamedi MH, Behnia H, Motamedi MR. Surgical technique for the treatment of high-flow arteriovenous malformations of the mandible. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2000;28(4):238-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Benndorf G, Campi A, Hell B, Hölzle F, Lund J, Bier J. Endovascular management of a bleeding mandibular arteriovenous malformation by transfemoral venous embolization with NBCA. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(2):359-62. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Mohammadi H, Said-al-Naief NA, Heffez LB. Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: report of a case with a note on the differential diagnosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84(3):286-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Schneider C, Wagner A, Hollmann K. Treatment of intraosseous high flow arteriovenous malformation of the mandible by temporary segmental ostectomy for extracorporal tumour resection: a case report. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1996;24(5):271-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Marler JJ, Mulliken JB. Current management of hemangiomas and vascular malformations. Clin Plast Surg. 2005;32(1):99-116, ix. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chen WL, Ye JT, Xu LF, Huang ZQ, Zhang DM. A multidisciplinary approach to treating maxillofacial arteriovenous malformations in children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108(1):41-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yoshiga K, Tanimoto K, Okui T, Kobayashi M. High-flow arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: treatment and 7-year follow-up. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;41(5):348-50. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Giaoui L, Princ G, Chiras J, Guilbert F, Bertrand JC. Treatment of vascular malformations of the mandible: a description of 12 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;32(2):132-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sakkas N, Schramm A, Metzger MC, Berlis A, Schmelzeisen R, Otten JE, et al. Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: a life-threatening situation. Ann Hematol. 2007;86(6):409-13. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Persky MS, Yoo HJ, Berenstein A. Management of vascular malformations of the mandible and maxilla. Laryngoscope. 2003;113(11):1885-92. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Benndorf G, Kim DM, Menneking H, Klein M. Endovascular management of a mandibular arteriovenous malformation in a patient with severe hemophilia a. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(4):614-7. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Derdeyn CP, Zipfel GJ, Albuquerque FC, Cooke DL, Feldmann E, Sheehan JP, et al; American Heart Association Stroke Council. Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017;48(8):e200-e24. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Li X, Su L, Wang D, Gui Z, Jiang M, Yang X, et al. Clinical and imaging features of intraosseous arteriovenous malformations in jaws: a 15-year experience of single centre. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):12046. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Yih WY, Ma GS, Merrill RG, Sperry DW. Central hemangioma of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989;47(11):1154-60. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Blackhall KK, Ling E, Kunjur J. A rare case of a intraosseous arteriovenous malformation of the temporomandibular joint and mandible - Case report and literature review. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2020;76:394-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Dhiman NK, Jaiswara C, Kumar N, Patne SC, Pandey A, Verma V. Central cavernous hemangioma of mandible: Case report and review of literature. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2015;6(2):209-13. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kishimoto Y, Hirano S, Kato N, Suehiro A, Kanemaru S, Ito J. Endoscopic KTP laser photocoagulation therapy for pharyngolaryngeal venous malformations in adults. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008;117(12):881-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Su L, Wang D, Han Y, Wang Z, Zheng L, Fan X. Absolute ethanol embolization of infiltrating-diffuse extracranial arteriovenous malformations in the head and neck. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(1):114-21. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kobayashi S, Kishimoto T, Kamata S, Otsuka M, Miyazaki M, Ishikura H. Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin, suppresses lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Sci. 2007;98(5):726-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Léauté-Labrèze C. Medical management of vascular anomalies of the head and neck. J Oral Pathol Med. 2022;51(10):837-43. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Maruani A, Tavernier E, Boccara O, Mazereeuw-Hautier J, Leducq S, Bessis D, et al. Sirolimus (Rapamycin) for slow-flow malformations in children: the observational-phase randomized clinical PERFORMUS trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;157(11):1289-98. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gabeff R, Boccara O, Soupre V, Lorette G, Bodemer C, Herbreteau D, et al. Efficacy and tolerance of sirolimus (rapamycin) for extracranial arteriovenous malformations in children and adults. Acta Derm Venereol. 2019;99(12):1105-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bajpai H, Bajpai S. Comparative analysis of intralesional sclerotherapy with sodium tetradecyl sulfate versus bleomycin in the management of low flow craniofacial soft tissue vascular lesions. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2012;11(1):13-20. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Zeevi I, Chaushu G, Alterman M, Chaushu L. Sclerotherapy of vascular malformations in the oral cavity-minimizing postoperative morbidity. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020;56(5):254. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Berenguer B, Burrows PE, Zurakowski D, Mulliken JB. Sclerotherapy of craniofacial venous malformations: complications and results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104(1):1-11; discussion 12-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Song D, Guo L, Sheng H, Li J, Wang L, Wu C, et al. DSA-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy for children with oropharyngeal low-flow venous malformation. Exp Ther Med. 2020;19(5):3405-10. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Stedman T. Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 27th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
- Zheng JW, Mai HM, Zhang L, Wang YA, Fan XD, Su LX, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of head and neck venous malformations. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2013;6(5):377-89. [PubMed] [PMC]
- Lazzaro MA, Badruddin A, Zaidat OO, Darkhabani Z, Pandya DJ, Lynch JR. Endovascular embolization of head and neck tumors. Front Neurol. 2011;2:64. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Fowell C, Jones R, Nishikawa H, Monaghan A. Arteriovenous malformations of the head and neck: current concepts in management. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;54(5):482-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sparano JA, Bernardo P, Stephenson P, Gradishar WJ, Ingle JN, Zucker S, et al. Randomized phase III trial of marimastat versus placebo in patients with metastatic breast cancer who have responding or stable disease after first-line chemotherapy: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trial E2196. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(23):4683-90. Erratum in: J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(1):248. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Burrows PE, Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Klement GL, Folkman J. Pharmacological treatment of a diffuse arteriovenous malformation of the upper extremity in a child. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20 Suppl 1:597-602. Erratum in: J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(5):1629-30. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dupuis-Girod S, Ambrun A, Decullier E, Samson G, Roux A, Fargeton AE, et al. ELLIPSE Study: a Phase 1 study evaluating the tolerance of bevacizumab nasal spray in the treatment of epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. MAbs. 2014;6(3):794-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ray R, Kale PP, Ha R, Banerjee D. Treatment of left ventricular assist device-associated arteriovenous malformations with thalidomide. ASAIO J. 2014;60(4):482-3. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Perez Botero J, Burns D, Thompson CA, Pruthi RK. Successful treatment with thalidomide of a patient with congenital factor V deficiency and factor V inhibitor with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding from small bowel arteriovenous malformations. Haemophilia. 2013;19(1):e59-61. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bowcock SJ, Patrick HE. Lenalidomide to control gastrointestinal bleeding in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: potential implications for angiodysplasias? Br J Haematol. 2009;146(2):220-2. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi