Diabetes mellitus, yüksek kan glukoz seviyeleri ile karakterize kronik, metabolik bir hastalıktır. Tedavisinde kullanılan en önemli molekül insülindir. İnsülin, pankreasın Langerhans adacıklarının β hücreleri tarafından üretilen, kan glukoz seviyesini düzenleme etkisini monomerik formunun insülin reseptörüne bağlanmasıyla gösteren bir hormondur. İnsülin vücuda subkütan yoldan verilmektedir fakat bu yol ile hasta uyuncu oldukça düşüktür. Ayrıca subkütan uygulama, enjeksiyon bölgesinde lipodistrofiye, alerjik reaksiyonlara ve enfeksiyona neden olmaktadır. İnsülin oral yol ile uygulandığında gastrointestinal (Gİ) kanalda proteolitik enzimler ile hızla parçalanmakta, yapısı dolayısıyla da düşük absorpsiyon göstermektedir. İnsülinin Gİ kanalda parçalanmasını önlemek ve oral biyoyararlanımını artırmak için birçok çalışma yapılmakta; bu çalışmalar nanopartiküler ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Doğal (kitosan, aljinat, dekstran) veya sentetik (poli-laktik-ko glikolik asit, poli-laktik asit) polimerler ile hazırlanan nanopartiküllerin; çözünürlük artırma, modifiye salım sağlama, emilimi artırma ve oral biyoyararlanımı iyileştirme gibi pek çok faydası bulunmaktadır. İnsülin taşıyan bir nanopartiküler sistemin, insülini mide asidinden ve proteazlardan koruması, Gİ kanalda kalış süresini uzatması ve absorpsiyonunu artırması beklenir. Bu amaçla, nanopartiküler ilaç taşıyıcı sistem formülasyonlarına, insülinin bağırsak absorpsiyonunu artırmak için absorpsiyon artırıcılar, insülinin proteazlarla parçalanmasını engellemek için enzim inhibitörleri ilave edilebilir. Ayrıca insülinin midede parçalanmasını engellemek için enterik kaplama yapılabilmektedir. Bu derlemede diyabet hastalığı, insülin ve insülinin oral yoldan verilmesiyle ilgili kısaca genel bilgiler verilerek, insülin yüklü nanopartiküler ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler ile ilgili güncel literatür örneklerine odaklanılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Diabetes mellitus; oral uygulama; ilaç taşıyıcı sistem; nanopartikül; insülin
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels. The most important molecule used in its treatment is insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the β cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, which shows its blood glucose level regulation effect by binding its monomeric form to the insulin receptor. Insulin is applied subcutaneously, but patient compliance is very low by this route. In addition, subcutaneous administration causes lipodystrophy, allergic reactions and infection at the injection site. When insulin is administered orally, it is rapidly degraded by proteolytic enzymes in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and has low absorption due to its structure. Many studies are carried out to prevent the degradation of insulin in the GI tract and to increase its oral bioavailability; these studies focus on nanoparticular drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles prepared with natural (chitosan, alginate, dextran) or synthetic (poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid, poly-lactic acid) polymers, have many benefits such as increasing solubility, providing modified release, increasing absorption and improving oral bioavailability. An insulin-encapsulated nanoparticular system is expected to protect insulin from both harsh acidic conditions of stomach and degradation by proteases, prolong its residence time in the GI track and enhance its intestinal uptake. Nanoparticulate systems can also be formulated using penetration enhancers to increase intestinal penetration of insulin and enzyme inhibitors to inhibit the insulin degradation by proteases. Furthermore, enteric coating could be applied to prevent the breakdown of insulin in the stomach, In this review, brief general information about diabetes, insulin and oral administration of insulin is presented and recent literature about insulin loaded nanoparticulate drug delivery systems is focused on.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; oral administration; drug delivery system; nanoparticle; insulin
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