Metallerin kesilmesi ve birleştirilmesi işlemlerinde kolay ve hızlı bir teknik olan kaynak yöntemi, imalatçılar ve tamirciler tarafından yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dünyada milyonlarca insan kaynak işleminde sağlıksız ve güvensiz şartlar altında çalışmaktadır. Kaynakçılıkta işin niteliğine bağlı uygulanan kaynak yöntemi, kaynak yapılan malzemenin kimyasal yapısı, yanma gazı, akım şiddeti, ark gerilimi, kaynak hızı ve süresi, ana malzeme üzerindeki kaplama maddeler ve boyalar, kaynakta kullanılan elektrodun yapısı gibi etkenlere bağlı riskler oluşmaktadır. Kaynakçılıktaki temel olası tehlikeler; toz, kaynak gazı ve dumanı gibi iş yeri ortam havasının kirliliği, elektromanyetik radyasyon, elektrik, gürültü, yangın ve patlama olmakla birlikte kaynakçıların kaynak dumanı yoluyla, önemli toksik metaller (Pb, Ni, FeO, Cu, Cd, F, Mn, Cr gibi) ve gazlara (CO, NO, O3) maruz kaldıkları gösterilmiştir. Kaynak dumanının genel toksik etkileri, kaynak yapılan ortam havasında bulunan toksik gaz ve metallerin cinsine, konsantrasyonuna, maruz kalınan düzeylerine ve sigara içme alışkanlıklarına bağlı olarak değişebilir. Kaynak işçilerinde görülen bronşit, hırıltılı solunum, bozulmuş pulmoner fonksiyon, kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı, metal duman ateşi, akciğer kanseri, nörotoksisite ve böbrek toksisitesi gibi sağlık sorunları ile kaynak işlemi sırasında açığa çıkan kaynak dumanı maruziyeti arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu derleme kapsamında, kaynak işçilerinde kaynak dumanına mesleki maruziyete bağlı olası toksik etkiler kapsamlı olarak değerlendirilecek, kaynak dumanından korunma yöntemleri ve yasal düzenlemeler hakkında bilgi verilecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kaynak yapma; kaynak dumanı; iş sağlığı; toksisite
The welding process, an easy and fast technique for cutting and joining metals, is widely used by manufacturers and repairers. Millions of people around the world work under unhealthy and insecure conditions in the welding process. Depending on the nature of the work in welding, the welding process creates risks related to the factors such as chemical structure of the welding material, combustion gas, current intensity, arc voltage, welding speed and time, coating substances and paints on the main material, the structure of the electrode used in welding. The main potential hazards in welding are the pollution of the workplace air such as dust, welding gas and fumes, electromagnetic radiation, electricity, noise, fire and explosion, as well as welders are shown to be exposed to crucial toxic metals and gases through welding fumes. General toxic effects of welding fumes may vary depending on the type and concentrations of toxic gases and metals, their exposed levels, and smoking habits. It has been observed that there is a strong relationship between the exposure of welding smoke during welding process and the health problems such as bronchitis, wheezing, impaired pulmonary function, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, metal smoke fever, lung cancer, neurotoxicity, and renal toxicity in welders. In this review, the possible toxic effects of welding fumes due to occupational exposure in welding workers will be evaluated comprehensively and the information for the protection methods from welding fumes and the legal regulations will be given.
Keywords: Welding; welding fumes; occupational health; toxicity
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