Farmakogenomik, ilaç tedavisine yanıtın bireyler arası farklılık göstermesi ve bu değişken ilaç yanıtlarının altında yatan genetik mekanizmaların anlaşılmasına dayanır. Tedavide aynı ilacın aynı dozunun, bir grup hastada iyi yanıt oluşturabilirken, diğer bir grupta yeterli yanıt vermemesi, farklı bir grupta da ciddi yan etkilere ve hatta ölümlere neden olabilmesi mümkündür. Bu nedenle ilaç yanıtlarında bireyler arası farklılıklara belirgin şekilde katkıda bulunan DNA varyantlarının tanımlanması, tedavilerin etkinliğini artıracak ve ilaçların olumsuz yan etkilerinin oranını azaltacaktır. Genom dizilimi ve mutasyon analizi farmakogenomikte çok önemli araçlardır. Farmakogenomik, hem hastanın hem de tümörün genomunun araştırılmasını içerir, çünkü her ikisindeki varyasyonların kanser önleyici ilacın taşınması, dışarı akışı, alıkonması ve penetrasyonu üzerinde bir etkisi olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. İlaç yanıtının, reçete edilen ilaçların farmakokinetik ve farmakodinamik özelliklerine ve ilaç metabolize eden enzimler ve taşıyıcılardaki bireysel hasta polimorfizmlerine bağlı olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu derleme, ilaç metabolize eden enzimlerdeki polimorfizmlerin ilaç yanıtları üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Antikanser ilaçlar, genellikle çok dar bir terapötik indekse sahiptir; bu nedenle hastayı hayatı tehdit eden toksisite riskine sokmadan maksimum faydayı elde etmek için uygun dozların kullanılması çok önemlidir. Ancak hedef proteinleri ve ilaç metabolize eden enzimleri kodlayan genlerdeki spesifik polimorfizmlerin kalıtımı nedeniyle uygun dozun ayarlanması o kadar kolay değildir. Bu derleme, bu tür polimorfizmlerin birkaç örneğini ve bunların tedaviye yanıt üzerindeki etkisini sunmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Farmakogenetik; polimorfizm; genetik; mutasyon
Pharmacogenomics is based on the interindividual variation in response to drug therapy and the understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying these variable drug responses. In the treatment, it is possible that the same dose of the same drug may cause a good response in one group of patients, while it may not respond adequately in another group, and it may cause serious side effects and even death in another group. Therefore, identifying DNA variants that significantly contribute to interindividual differences in drug responses will increase the efficacy of treatments and reduce the rate of adverse side effects of drugs. Genome sequencing and mutation analysis are very important tools in pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics involves investigating the genome of both the patient and the tumor, as variations in both have been observed to have an effect on the transport, efflux, retention and penetration of the anticancer drug. It is known that drug response depends on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of drugs and individual patient polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. This review considers the impact of existing polymorphisms in drug metabolizing enzymes on drug responses. Anticancer drugs often have a very narrow therapeutic index; therefore, it is very important to use appropriate doses to obtain maximum benefit without putting the patient at risk of life-threatening toxicity. However, due to the inheritance of specific polymorphisms in genes encoding target proteins and drug metabolizing enzymes, it isn't so easy to adjust the appropriate dose. This review presents several examples of such polymorphisms and their impact on treatment response.
Keywords: Pharmacogenetics; polymorphism; genetics; mutation
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