Hipertansiyon, dünya çapında kardiyovasküler hastalıkların ve erken ölümlerin önde gelen önemli bir risk faktörüdür. Dünya nüfusunun bir milyardan fazlasının hipertansiyonu olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Ülkemizde ise erişkin nüfusun %31,2'sinde hipertansiyon görülmektedir. Hipertansiyon tedavisindeki amaç, ilişkili morbiditelerin ve mortalitenin azaltılması ve engellenmesidir. Hipertansiyon tedavisinde kullanılabilecek birçok ilaç bulunmasına rağmen hastaların büyük çoğunluğunda önerilen kan basıncı hedeflerine ulaşılamadığı önemli bir gerçektir. Hipertansiyon tedavisinde tek başına veya ilaç tedavisi ile kombine edilen düzenli egzersizin önemli bir yeri vardır. Bu derlemenin amacı; hipertansiyon tedavisinde farklı egzersiz modellerinin kan basıncına etkisi, potansiyel fizyolojik mekanizmalarının açıklanması ve hipertansiyonlu bireyler için egzersiz reçetesi önerilerinin sunulmasıdır. Sonuç olarak; hipertansiyonu olan bireylerde aerobik egzersiz genel sağlığı iyileştirir, kan basıncını düşürür ve olası kardiyovasküler olayları ve mortaliteyi azaltır. Egzersize başlamak isteyen hipertansif kişilerde kardiovasküler riski azaltmak için tarama önerileri, egzersiz reçeteleri ve özel hususlar bir kılavuz olarak sunulmaktadır. Hipertansiyon tedavisi için aerobik egzersiz; haftada 3-5 gün, 20- 60 dk, %40-70 VO2 yoğunluğunda önerilmektedir. Kas dayanıklılığını artıran direnç egzersizleri güvenli sınırlar içinde kaldığı sürece hipertansif hastalarda haftada 2-3 gün egzersiz rejimine entegre edilebilir. Yüksek yoğunlukta aralıklı antrenman ve izometrik direnç egzersizleri kan basıncını düşürmedeki görünür faydalarına rağmen, antihipertansif tedavide yeterince kullanılmamaktadır. Bu egzersizlerinde hipertansif bireylerin egzersiz reçetesine dâhil edilmesi etkili tedavi için önerilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Egzersiz; egzersiz testi; hipertansiyon; egzersiz sonrası hipotansiyon
Hypertension is a leading major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and early death worldwide. It is estimated that more than one billion of the world population is hypertensive. In our country, hypertension is observed in 31.2% of the adult population. The aim of hypertension treatment is to reduce and prevent associated morbidities and mortality. Although there are many drugs that can be used in the treatment of hypertension, it is an important fact that the recommended blood pressure targets are not achieved in the majority of patients. Regular exercise alone or in combination with medication has an important role in the treatment of hypertension. The aim of this review is to describe the effects of different exercise models on blood pressure in the treatment of hypertension, to explain their potential physiologic mechanisms, and to provide exercise prescription recommendations for individuals with hypertension. In conclusion, aerobic exercise in individuals with hypertension improves general health, lowers blood pressure and reduces potential cardiovascular events and mortality. Screening recommendations, exercise prescriptions and special considerations to reduce cardiovascular risk in people with hypertension who want to start exercising are presented as a guide. Aerobic exercise for the treatment of hypertension is recommended 3-5 days a week for 20-60 minutes at a maximum VO2 intensity of 40-70%. Resistance exercises that increase muscular endurance can be integrated into the exercise regimen 2-3 days a week in hypertensive patients as long as they remain within safe limits. Despite the apparent benefits of high-intensity interval training and isometric resistance exercises in lowering blood pressure, they are underutilized in anti-hypertensive therapy. Inclusion of these exercises in the exercise prescription of hypertensive individuals is recommended for effective treatment.
Keywords: Exercise; exercise test; hypertension; post-exercise hypotension
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