Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease in children. The respiratory system is affected due to thickening of secretions. Therefore, pulmonary functions are deteriorated and dyspnea may occur during exercise. Children with cystic fibrosis may not tolerate exercise. Exercise testing is important to determine exercise-related complications and to plan exercise. Exercise tests are necessary applications for all individuals engaged in exercise. Exercise tests are used to determine the prognosis of the disease, exercise tolerance, mortality, efficacy of the treatment and exercise prescription. In this review, the studies using exercise test with children with cystic fibrosis aged between 4 and 18 years were examined. The subjects related to exercise and exercise test are briefly mentioned. The studies have been published between 1986 and 2018 years. The purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of exercise tests in children with cystic fibrosis and to examine the various exercise tests used in previous studies. In this study, laboratory and field tests were used. Laboratory tests were performed using bicycle ergometers and treadmill. Wingate, Godfrey, CPETSRT and Bruce protocol were used in laboratory tests. In the field tests, generally 6 minutes walk test, 2 minutes walk test, 3 minutes step test, Munich fitness test and shuttle test were used. These protocols were selected according to the age, height and weight of the child. These tests were modified for children.
Keywords: Children; cystic fibrosis; exercise test
Kistik fibrozis çocuklarda görülen genetik bir hastalıktır. Sekresyonların kalınlaşmasından dolayı solunum sistemi etkilenir. Bu nedenle, pulmoner fonksiyonlar bozulur ve egzersiz sırasında dispne meydana gelebilir. Kistik fibrozisli çocuklar egzersizi tolere edemeyebilir. Egzersize bağlı komplikasyonları belirlemek ve egzersiz planlaması yapabilmek için egzersiz testi önemlidir. Egzersiz testleri egzersiz yapan tüm bireyler için gerekli bir uygulamadır. Egzersiz testleri hastalığın prognozunu, egzersiz toleransını, mortaliteyi, tedavinin etkinliğini ve egzersiz reçetesini belirlemede kullanılır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, 4-18 yaş arası kistik fibrozisli çocuklarla yapılan egzersiz testi kullanılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Egzersiz ve egzersiz testi ile ilgili konulara kısaca değinilmiştir. İncelenen çalışmalar 1986 ile 2018 yılları arasında yayınlanmıştır. Derlemenin amacı kistik fibrozisli çocuklarda egzersiz testinin önemini vurgulamak ve daha önceki çalışmalarda kullanılan çeşitli egzersiz testlerini incelemektir. Bu çalışmada laboratuvar ve alan testleri kullanılmıştır. Laboratuvar testleri bisiklet ergometresi ve koşu bandı kullanılarak uygulanmıştır. Laboratuvar testlerinde Wingate, Godfrey, CPET-SRT ve Bruce protokolü kullanılmıştır. Alan testlerinde ise genellikle 6 dakika yürüme testi, 2 dakika yürüme testi, 3 dakika step testi, Münih fitnes testi ve mekik testi kullanılmıştır. Bu protokoller çocuğun yaşına, boyuna ve kilosuna göre seçilmiştir. Testler çocuklar için modifiye edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuk; kistik fibrozis; egzersiz testi
- Hasanoğlu E, Düşünsel N. Bideci A. Temel Pediatri. Baskı. Ankara: Güneş Tıp Kitabevi; 2010. p.616.
- Mathias H, Ralph B. Cystic fibrosis. In: LeMura LM, Von Duvillard SP, eds. Clinical Exercise Physiology: Application and Physiological Principles. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. p.169.
- Konstan MW. Therapies aimed at airway inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Clin Chest Med. 1998;19(3): 505-13. [Crossref ]
- Stevens D, Oades PJ, Armstrong N, Williams CA. A survey of exercise testing and training in UK cystic fibrosis clinics. J Cyst Fibros. 2010;9(5):302-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Urguhart DS. Exercise testing in cystic fibrosis: why (and how)? J R Soc Med. 2011;104 Suppl 1:S6-14. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cooper CB, Storer TW. Exercise Testing and Interpretation. A Practical Approach. Chapter 4. 1st ed. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2001. p.93-148. [Crossref ]
- Almajed A, Lands LC. The evolution of exercise capacity and its limiting factors in cystic fibrosis. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2012;13(4):195-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nixon PA, Orenstein DM, Kelsey SF, Doershuk CF. The prognostic value of exercise testing in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(25): 1785-8. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
- Pianosi P, LeBlanc J, Almudevar A. Relationship between FEV1 and peak oxygen uptake in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40(4):324-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Moore GA, Durstine L, Marsh P. ACSM?S Exercise Management for Persons with Chronic Diseases and Disabilities. Chapter 2:5. 2nd ed. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics; 2002. p.374.
- Berman N, Bailey R, Barstow TJ, Cooper DM. Spectral and bout detection analysis of physical activity patterns in healthy, prepubertal boys and girls. Am J Human Biol. 1998;10(3):289-97. [Crossref]
- Kamar A. Sporda Yetenek Beceri ve Performans Testleri. 1. Baskı. Nobel Publication, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık; 2003. p.149-79.
- Arikan H, Yatar İ, Calik-Kutukcu E, Aribas Z, Saglam M, Vardar-Yagli N, et al. A comparison of respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, activities of daily living and physical fitness in patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy subjects. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;45-46:147-56. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nixon Patricia A. Cystic fibrosis. ACSM?S Exercise Management for Persons with Chronic Diseases and Disabilities. 2nd ed. Champaign, III: Human Kinetics, 2002. p.111.
- Ergün P, Yıldız Ö. Pulmoner Rehabilitasyon Cep Kitabı. Ankara: Türk Toraks Derneği; 2013. p.23.
- Selvadurai HC, McKay KO, Blimkie CJ, Cooper PJ, Mllis CM, Van Asperen PP. The relationship between genotype and exercise tolerance in children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165(6):762-5. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
- Klijn PH, Oudshoorn A, van der Ent CK, van der Net J, Kimpen JL, Helders PJ. Effects of anaerobic training in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled study. Chest. 2004;125(4):1299-305. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hebestreit H, Arets HG, Aurora P, Boas S, Cerny F, Hulzebos EH, et al. Statement on exercise testing in cystic fibrosis. Respiration. 2015;90(4):332-51. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Weir E, Burns DP, Devenny A, Young D, Paton JY. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children with cystic fibrosis: one centre?s experience. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(5): 440-4. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
- Kent L, O?Neill B, Davison G, Nevill A, Murray J, Reid A, et al. Cycle ergometer tests in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47(12): 1226-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cerny FJ, Cropp GJ, Bye MR. Hospital therapy improves exercise tolerance and lung function in cystic fibrosis. Am J Dis Child. 1984;138(3):261-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Klijn PH, van der Net J, Kimpen JL, Helders PJ, Van der Ent CK. Longitudinal determinants of peak aerobic performance in children with cystic fibrosis. Chest. 2003;124(6):2215-9. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
- Werkman MS, Hulzebos EHJ, Helders PJM, AretS BGM, Takken T. Estimating peak oxygen uptake in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 2013;1-5. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
- Saynor ZL, Barker AR, Oades PJ, Williams CA. A protokol to determine valid VO2 max in young cystic fibrosis patients. J Sci Med Sport. 2013;16(6):539-44. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
- Keochkerion D, Chief M, Delanaud S, Gauthier R, Maingourd Y, Ahmaidi S. Timing and driving components of the breathing strategy in children with cystic fibrosis during exercise. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40(5):449-56. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
- Boungers BC, Werkman MS, Arets HG, Takken T, Hulzebos HJ. A possible alternative exercise test for youths with cystic fibrosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(3):485-92. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
- Edlund LD, French RW, Herbst JJ, Ruttenburg HD, Ruhling RO, Adams TD. Effects of a swimming program on children with cystic fibrosis. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140(1):80-3. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
- Lima CA, Andrade Ade F, Campos SL, Brandão DC, Fregonezi G, Mourato IP, et al. Effects of noninvasive ventilation on treadmill 6-min walk distance and regional chest wall volumes in cystic fibrosis: randomized controlled trial. Respir Med. 2014;108(10):1460-8. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
- Cox NS, Follett J, McKay OK. Modified shuttle test performance in hospitalized children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2006;5(3):165-70. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Upton CJ, Tyrrell JC, Hiller EJ. Two minute walking distance in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child. 1998;63(12):1444-8. [Crossref ] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Butland RJ, Pang J, Gross ER, Woodcock AA, Geddes DM. Two-, six-, and 12-minute walking tests in respiratory disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;284(6429):1607-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Narang I, Pike S, Rosenthal M, Balfour-Lynn IM, Bush A. Three-minute step test to assess exercise capacity in children with cystic fibrosis with mild lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;35(2):108-13. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cunha MT, Rozov T, de Oliveira RC, Jardim JR. Six-minute walk test in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006;41(4):618-22. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
- Gulmans VA, van Veldhoven NH, de Meer K, Helders PJ. The six-minute walking test in children with cystic fibrosis: reliability and validity. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1996;22(2): 85-9. [Crossref]
- Jorquera Guillén MA, Salcedo Posadas A, Villa Asensi JR, Girón Moreno RM, Neira Rodríguez MA, Sequeiros González A. Reproducibility of the walking test in patients with cystic fibrosis. An Esp Pediatr. 1999;51(5):475-8.
- Radtke T, Stevens D, Benden C, Williams CA. Clinical exercise testing in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2009;21(3):27581. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
- Tuncay F. [Evaluation of the cardiopulmonary rehabilitation patient]. J PMR Sci. 2010;13 Suppl:17-26.
- Urguhart DS, Vendruscolo FM. Clinical interpretation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in cystic fibrosis and implications for exercise counselling. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2017;24:72-8. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
- Rogers D, Prasad SA, Doull I. Exercise testing in children with cystic fibrosis. J R Soc Med. 2003;96 Suppl 43:23-9.
.: İşlem Listesi