Objective: Pressure ulcers (PU) continue to be a common health problem, particularly among the physically disabled or bedridden patients who are followed either at home or in palliative care units. This study aimed to identify patient characteristics and to determine the nutrition related risk factors leading to PU in patients receiving home health care and to determine why PU occurred only in some, but not all, patients with similar health problems. Material and Methods: Medical records of 229 patients, who were under follow-up at the homecare unit between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019, were retrospectively evaluated. Patient demographics, comorbid conditions, laboratory data, and data regarding the nutritional status of the patients were collected and compared to determine the risk factors for PUs. Mini nutritional assessment was performed to diagnose or exclude malnutrition using the mini-nutritional assessment-short form (MNASF). Results: Initial and last laboratory values and nutritional status of patients who did not have PUs during this time (n=207) were compared with those who have had PUs (n=22). The patients who developed PUs had significantly lower serum albumin, worser nutritional scores and mobility status than those without PUs. Conclusion: Mobility status, serum albumin level, and nutritional status affect PUs development among home care patients. The fact that all elderly bedridden patients did not develop PUs suggests that adequate protein intake can prevent or delay their development.
Keywords: Pressure ulcer; malnutrition; aged; immobilization; home care services
Amaç: Bası ülserleri (BÜ), evde sağlık birimlerince ya da palyatif bakım servislerinde takip edilmekte olan, fiziksel olarak sınırlı veya yatağa tamamen bağımlı yaşlılar arasında yaygın bir sağlık sorunu olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu çalışmadaki amacımız, BÜ'nün oluşumunda, hastalara ait özellikleri ve beslenme ile ilgili risk faktörlerini değerlendirmek, BÜ'nün benzer sağlık sorunlarına sahip olmalarına rağmen neden tüm hastalarda ortaya çıkmadığını incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Evde sağlık biriminde 1 Ocak 2016 ve 31 Aralık 2019 arasında takip edilmekte olan 229 hastanın kayıt altındaki dosyaları retrospektif olarak incelenmiş, hastaların demografik bilgileri, eşlik eden kronik hastalıkları, bazı laboratuvar sonuçları ve beslenme durumları ile ilgili veriler toplanmış, değerlendirilmiş ve BÜ'nün oluşmasına etki ettiği düşünülen risk faktörleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Beslenme durumlarını değerlendirmek ve malnütrisyonu dışlamak amacıyla ''Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF)'' kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: BÜ (n=22) olan ve BÜ (n=207) olmayan hastaların ilk ve son laboratuvar sonuçları ve beslenme durumları karşılaştırılmıştır. BÜ oluşan hastaların serum albumin düzeyleri ve beslenme skorları BÜ olmayanlara göre anlamlı şekilde daha düşüktür ve hareket edebilme açısından da daha yetersizdir. Sonuç: Hareketlilik durumu, serum albumin düzeyi ve beslenme durumları evde sağlık hastaları arasında BÜ'nün oluşmasına etki etmektedir. Tüm yaşlı ve yatağa bağımlı hastalarda BÜ gelişmemiş olduğu gerçeği, yeterli protein alımının, bunun oluşmasını engellediğini veya geciktirdiğini düşündürmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bası ülser; malnütrisyon; yaşlı; immobilizasyon; evde bakım hizmetleri
- Song YP, Shen HW, Cai JY, Zha ML, Chen HL. The relationship between pressure injury complication and mortality risk of older patients in follow-up: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Wound J. 2019;16(6):1533-44. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Chung ML, Widdel M, Kirchhoff J, Sellin J, Jelali M, Geiser F, et al. Risk factors for pressure ulcers in adult patients: A meta-analysis on sociodemographic factors and the Braden scale. J Clin Nurs. 2023;32(9-10):1979-92. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel, Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries. Clinical Practice Guideline: Quick Reference Guide. Haesler E, ed. EUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA; 2019. [Cited: August 1, 2022]. Available from: [Link]
- Mervis JS, Phillips TJ. Pressure ulcers: Pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, and presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(4):881-90. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lima Serrano M, González Méndez MI, Carrasco Cebollero FM, Lima Rodríguez JS. Risk factors for pressure ulcer development in Intensive Care Units: A systematic review. Med Intensiva. 2017;41(6):339-46. English, Spanish. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lai TT, Yip OM, Sham MMK. Clinical parameters of wound healing in patients with advanced illness. Ann Palliat Med. 2019;8(Suppl 1):S5-S14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bauer K, Rock K, Nazzal M, Jones O, Qu W. Pressure ulcers in the United States' inpatient population from 2008 to 2012: results of a retrospective nationwide study. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2016;62(11):30-8. [PubMed]
- TÜİK [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 4 Ekim 2023]. İstatistik Veri Portalı. Erişim linki: [Link]
- World Health Organization [Internet]. © 2023 WHO [Cited: May 5, 2023]. Ageing. Available from: [Link]
- Ali D, Tencerova M, Figeac F, Kassem M, Jafari A. The pathophysiology of osteoporosis in obesity and type 2 diabetes in aging women and men: The mechanisms and roles of increased bone marrow adiposity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:981487. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Zhou J, Liu B, Qin MZ, Liu JP. A prospective cohort study of the risk factors for new falls and fragility fractures in self-caring elderly patients aged 80 years and over. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):116. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- de Bengy AF, Lamartine J, Sigaudo-Roussel D, Fromy B. Newborn and elderly skin: two fragile skins at higher risk of pressure injury. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2022;97(3):874-95. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Blackburn J, Ousey K, Taylor L, Moore B, Patton D, Moore Z, Avsar P. The relationship between common risk factors and the pathology of pressure ulcer development: a systematic review. J Wound Care. 2020;29(Sup3):S4-S12. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Gaspar S, Peralta M, Budri A, Ferreira C, Gaspar de Matos M. Pressure ulcer risk profiles of hospitalized patients based on the Braden Scale: A cluster analysis. Int J Nurs Pract. 2022;28(6):e13038. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Ramsch C, Uter W, Guigoz Y, Cederholm T, et al; MNA-International Group. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(9):782-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. Hemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anemia and assessment of severity. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011. [Cited: August 1, 2022]. Available from: [Link]
- Edsberg LE, Black JM, Goldberg M, McNichol L, Moore L, Sieggreen M. Revised national pressure ulcer advisory panel pressure injury staging system: revised pressure injury staging system. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2016;43(6):585-97. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Singh C, Shoqirat N. Community-acquired pressure injuries in the acute care setting. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2021;34(3):1-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Corbett LQ, Funk M, Fortunato G, OʼSullivan DM. Pressure Injury in a community population: a descriptive study. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2017;44(3):221-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ferris A, Price A, Harding K. Pressure ulcers in patients receiving palliative care: A systematic review. Palliat Med. 2019;33(7):770-82. Erratum in: Palliat Med. 2020;34(7):969. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Everink IHJ, van Haastregt JCM, Manders M, de van der Schueren MAE, Schols JMGA. Malnutrition prevalence rates among dutch nursing home residents: what has changed over one decade? A comparison of the years 2009, 2013 and 2018. J Nutr Health Aging. 2021;25(8):999-1005. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Grada A, Phillips TJ. Nutrition and cutaneous wound healing. Clin Dermatol. 2022;40(2):103-13. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Neziraj M, Hellman P, Kumlien C, Andersson M, Axelsson M. Prevalence of risk for pressure ulcers, malnutrition, poor oral health and falls - a register study among older persons receiving municipal health care in southern Sweden. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):265. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Saghaleini SH, Dehghan K, Shadvar K, Sanaie S, Mahmoodpoor A, Ostadi Z. Pressure ulcer and nutrition. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2018;22(4):283-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Stoltenberg S, Kotila J, Heikkilä A, Kvist T, Junttila K. Incidence and risk factors for pressure injuries in adults in specialised medical care: a prospective observational study. J Wound Care. 2021;30(11):945-53. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wang Y, Chen R, Ding J, Yang L, Chen J, Huang B. Predictive value of pressure ulcer risk for obstructive coronary artery disease. Nurs Open. 2021;8(4):1848-55. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Jaul E, Barron J, Rosenzweig JP, Menczel J. An overview of co-morbidities and the development of pressure ulcers among older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):305. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Ding L, Hu X, Wei L, Sun M, Sun G, Jiang G, et al. Risk factors for hospital-acquired and community-acquired pressure injuries: a multicentre mixed case-control study. BMJ Open. 2022;12(4):e057624. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cowan LJ, Ahn H, Flores M, Yarrow J, Barks LS, Garvan C, et al. Pressure ulcer prevalence by level of paralysis in patients with spinal cord injury in long-term care. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2019;32(3):122-30. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dube A, Sidambe V, Verdon A, Phillips E, Jones S, Lintern M, et al. Risk factors associated with heel pressure ulcer development in adult population: A systematic literature review. J Tissue Viability. 2022;31(1):84-103. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Munoz N, Litchford M, Cox J, Nelson JL, Nie AM, Delmore B. Malnutrition and pressure injury risk in vulnerable populations: application of the 2019 international clinical practice guideline. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2022;35(3):156-65. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi