Endokrin bozucu kimyasal (EDC)'lar, hormonların sentez, taşınma, metabolizma ve atılımları üzerine etkileri olan ve dolayısıyla potansiyel olarak olumsuz sağlık etkileri gösteren maddelerdir. Bu maddelere prenatal maruziyetin daha ciddi sorunlar oluşturabileceği bilinmektedir; fakat yaşamın tüm evrelerinde de istenmeyen etkiler oluşturmaları mümkündür. EDC'lere tek tek maruziyetin olumsuz etkileri birçok çalışmada incelenmiştir. Ancak, özellikle kombine maruziyetlerin etkilerini değerlendiren çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Son yıllarda, tüm dünya genelinde azalan fertilitenin ve artan endokrin bozuklukların farklı EDC'lere maruziyet ile ilişkilendirildiği pek çok çalışma yapılmaktadır. EDC'lerin başta testis olmak üzere, erkek üreme sistemini ve prostat dâhil tüm aksesuar bezleri etkileyebileceği belirtilmiştir. Özellikle ftalatların 'Testiküler Disgenezis sendromu'na neden olduğu, erkek fertilitisini olumsuz yönde etkilediği bilinmektedir. Epidemiyolojik verilere göre, erkek üreme organlarında neoplazi insidansı son 50 yılda artmıştır. Bu durum, normal hormonal dengeyi engelleyen çevresel kimyasalların, özellikle EDC'lere maruziyetin artmasıyla ilişkili olabilir. EDC'lere, özellikle de ftalatlara maruziyetin erken yaşlarda görülen testis kanserleriyle de ilişkili olabileceği ifade edilmektedir. Spesifik endokrin bozucu kimyasalların, hem in vivo hem de in vitro modellerde erkek üreme sistemi ve endokrinle ilişkili kanserlerin gelişimi üzerindeki etkilerine yönelik birçok araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu derlemede, EDC'ler ile ilgili genel bilgiler verildikten sonra, bu kimyasalların erkek üreme sağlığı üzerindeki olası etkileri değerlendirilecek ve özellikle prostat bezi üzerindeki etkileri ile ilgili hem ampirik hem de epidemiyolojik çalışmalardan elde edilen veriler ile birlikte sunulacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Endokrin bozucu kimyasal; prostat; erkek üreme sistemi
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances that affect the synthesis, transfer, metabolism and excretion of hormones and therefore, they potentially have unwanted health effects. It is well-known that prenatal exposure to these subtances may lead to serious deleterious effects; but exposure in all stages of life may also cause negatory effects. Indivudual exposures to EDCs are being investigated in several studies. However, there is limited number of studies that evaluate combined effects. In recent years, there are many studies that associate EDC exposure to decreasing fertility and increasing endocrine conditions throughout the world. It was stated that EDCs affect male reproductive system particularly testis and also all accessory glands, including prostate. Phthalates are particularly associated with testicular dysgenesis syndrome and negatively affect male fertility. Epidemiological data show that incidence of neoplasia in male reproductive organs has increased over the last 50 years. This instance may be related to the increased exposure of environmental chemicals, particularly EDCs, which interfere with normal hormonal balance. It is expressed that exposure to EDCs, specially to phthalates may be linked to early-life testicular cancers. Several studies have been conducted to investigate effects of specific EDCs on the development of male reproductive organs and endocrine related cancers in both in vivo and in vitro models. In this review, we will give general information on EDCs and then focus on their potential impact on male reproductive health, and in particular on their effects on the prostate gland by presenting data from empirical and epidemiological studies.
Keywords: Endocrine disrupting chemicals; prostate; male reproductive system
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