Egzersize bağlı olarak gelişen gastrointestinal semptomlar, son yıllarda görülme sıklığı artan, sporcuların sağlığını ve performansını olumsuz etkileyen bir durum olmuştur. Özellikle dayanıklılık sporcularında görülme sıklığı diğer branşlara göre daha fazladır. Sporcular geğirme, mide bulantısı, kusma, mide ekşimesi, şişkinlik ve hatta dışkı inkontinansı (dışkılama kontrol yetisinin bozulması) gibi gastrointestinal sistem (GİS) semptomları yaşayabilir. Yaşanan bu gastrointestinal problemler, irritabl bağırsak sendromu (İBS) yaşayan bireylerin klinik bulgularına benzerdir. Bireylerin beslenme alışkanlıkları ve besin tüketimlerinin bu semptomları artırıcı etkisi olabileceği gibi azaltıcı etki sağlayabileceği de düşünülmektedir. İBS tedavisi için geliştirilmiş olan düşük FODMAP içerikli diyet, kısa zincirli, emilimi sınırlı/düşük karbonhidratlardan olan fermente oligosakkarit, disakkarit, monosakkarit ve polyoller (FODMAP)in sınırlandırıldığı bir diyet olarak tanımlanır. Düşük FODMAP diyetinin, İBS üzerindeki klinik etkisi büyük oranda kanıtlanmış, diyeti uygulayan bireylerde İBS semptomlarında önemli oranda azalma gözlenmiştir. Bu sonuçtan yola çıkarak sporcuların egzersize bağlı yaşadıkları gastrointestinal problemlerde de aynı diyet yaklaşımının olumlu etki yaratacağı düşünülmüştür. FODMAP'ların mekanizmaları ve sporcuların yaşadıkları semptomlar üzerindeki etkileri hâlâ araştırılmaktadır. Ortaya çıkan teori ve kanıtlar, düşük FODMAP diyeti veya kısıtlamasının, sürekli egzersizle ilişkili gastrointestinal sorunlar ile mücadele eden sporculardaki semptomları azaltmada faydalı olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu derleme, düşük FODMAP içerikli diyet hakkında bilgilendirme yapmak ve egzersizle ilişkili gastrointestinal problemlerdeki etkisini ortaya koymak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: FODMAP; gastrointestinal; sporcu; irritabl bağırsak sendromu (İBS)
Exercise-related gastrointestinal symptoms have been an increasing condition in recent years, adversely affecting the health and performance of athletes. Especially in endurance athletes, the incidence is higher than other branches. Athletes may experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as belching, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, bloating, and even fecal incontinence (deterioration of defecation control ability). These gastrointestinal problems are similar to the clinical findings of individuals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). It is thought that nutritional habits and food consumption of individuals may have an effect that may increase these symptoms as well as a decrease effect. Diet low FODMAP-containing diet developed for the treatment of IBS is defined as a diet in which fermented oligo-, di- and mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAP), which are short-chain, limited absorption / low carbohydrates, are restricted. The clinical effect of low FODMAP diet on IBS has been proven to a great extent, and a significant reduction in IBS symptoms has been observed in people on low FODMAP diet. Based on this result, it is thought that the same diet approach will have a positive effect on the gastrointestinal problems of athletes due to exercise. The mechanisms of FODMAPs and their effects on the symptoms experienced by athletes are still under investigation. Emerging theories and evidence suggest that a low FODMAP diet or FODMAP restriction may be useful in reducing symptoms in athletes struggling with gastrointestinal problems associated with continuous exercise. This review aims to provide information about low FODMAP diet and its effects on exercise-related gastrointestinal problems.
Keywords: FODMAP; gastrointestinal; athlete; irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
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