Santral sinir sisteminde, inflamasyon gelişmesi nörolojik hastalıkların önemli ancak iyi anlaşılmamış bir durumudur. Akut beyin zedelenmesi veya enfeksiyonun ardından, astrositler ve mikrogliyanın etkinleşmesine ek olarak, kompleman faktörleri, sitokinler ve akut faz proteinlerinin oluşumundaki artmayı içeren karmaşık bir inflamatuar yanıt ortaya çıkmaktadır. T lenfositler ve antikorlar da ortaya çıkan bu yanıta katkıda bulunabilir. Zedelenmenin düzeltilmesinin daha güç, ancak kalıcı olduğu nörodejeneratif hastalıklarda inflamatuar yanıt süreklidir. Sürekli olan bu yanıtın başlıca amacı, ölen hücreler veya kümelenmiş proteinlerin temizlenmesi ile onarım işleminin başlatılmasının yanı sıra, dejenerasyon ve hücre ölümüne katkıda bulunma girişimidir. Hayvan modelleri, özgül inflamatuar mediyatörlerin nöroinflamatuar hastalıkların patojenezine katkısını araştırmak ve bu konuda yapılacak olan klinik araştırmalara temel oluşturabilecek bilgiler edinebilmek amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Nöroinflamatuar hastalıkların oluşum mekanizmalarının ortaya konulması ve yeni tedavilerin geliştirilmesi ancak bu hastalıkların, deney hayvanlarında çalışılabilmesine olanak sağlayabilecek, deneysel modellerin oluşturulmasıyla gerçekleştirilebilir. Nörodejeneratif inflamatuar hastalıklar ile ilgili olarak elde edilecek daha fazla yeni veri, nöroinflamatuar hastalıkların insanlardaki klinik durumu en iyi derecede yansıtabilecek uygun deneysel modellerinin geliştirilmesine olanak tanıyabilecektir. Bu derlemede, en sık görülen Alzheimer hastalığı, Parkinson hastalığı, Hungtington hastalığı ile amyotrofik lateral skleroz gibi nöroinflamatuar hastalıkların kliniğinin yanı sıra, deneysel modellemesinde sıklıkla kullanılan transgenik ve transgenik olmayan yöntemler üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca bu yöntemlerin sınırlamaları, avantajları ve dezavantajlarına değinilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Santral sinir sistemi hastalıkları; nöroinflamasyon; deneysel hayvan modelleri
Inflammation in the central nervous system is an substantial, but not well understood condition of neurological diseases. Following acute brain injury or infection, a complex inflammatory response occurs involving activation of astrocytes and microglia in addition to enhanced formation of complement factors, cytokines, and acute phase proteins. T lymphocytes and antibodies may also contribute to this response. In neurodegenerative diseases, where injury is more subtle but consistent, the inflammatory response is continuous. The main purpose of this response may enterprise to clear dying cells or aggregated proteins and initiate repair process, but also contribute to degeneration and cell death. Animal models are useful to investigate the contribution of specific inflammatory mediators to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases and obtain basic information that can be used for clinical research on this subject. The emergence mechanisms of neuroinflammatory diseases and development of new therapies are only possible by establishing experimental models capable of work in experimental animals. Further novel data about neurodegenerative inflammatory diseases will allow for the development of more appropriate experimental models that can best reflect the clinical situation of these diseases in humans. This review is focused on the clinical features of the most common neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in addition to transgenic and non-trangenic methods frequently used in the experimental models of certain neurodegenerative diseases. The limitations, advantages, and disadvantages of these methods are also mentioned.
Keywords: Central nervous system diseases; neuroinflammation; experimental animal models
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