Yer kabuğunda ikinci olarak en fazla bulunan metal olan demir, hemen bütün canlı formları için temel bir besin ögesidir. İndirgenme ve yükseltgenme kabiliyetinden dolayı demir, solunum ve DNA replikasyonu dâhil çeşitli hücresel işlemler için ideal bir redoks katalizörüdür. Bu redoks potansiyeli çeşitli sağlık yararları sağlarken aynı zamanda dokularda toksisite oluşmasına da neden olabilmektedir. İntraselüler serbest demir, genellikle reaktif oksijen türlerinin oluşumunu katalize etme kabiliyetinden dolayı NF- κB aktivasyonunu başlatarak proinflamatuar sitokin salınımını artırmaktadır. Demir eksikliğinde canlılarda immün yanıtın azaldığı bilinmektedir. Ayrıca, demirin patojenler için mutlak gereksinimi göz önüne alındığında, doğuştan immün sistemin mikrobiyal gelişimi baskılaması adına demir düzeyinin sınırlanması oldukça önemli bir stratejidir. Bu strateji, sistemik demir metabolizmasının ana düzenleyici mekanizması olarak bilinen hepsidin-ferroportin aksındaki düzenlemelerden, patojenik bakterilerin demir toplamasını önleyen siderokalin ekspresyonuna kadar uzanmaktadır. Özellikle enfeksiyöz hastalıkların insidansı ve seyriyle ilgili olarak, vücudun demir durumu ve immün fonksiyon arasında hâlen tam olarak anlaşılamamış bir etkileşim bulunmaktadır. Demir eksikliğine bağlı olarak enfeksiyonlara yatkınlığın artığını gösteren çalışmalar olmasına karşın, demir takviyesiyle şiddetli hastalık ve ölüm risklerinin, bağırsakta inflamasyonun ve ishal sıklıklarının arttığını gösteren çalışmalar da mevcuttur. Demir eksikliği veya fazlalığı durumunda immün sistemin olumsuz etkileneceğini gösteren bu çalışmalar incelendiğinde, vücutta demir homeostazisinin çok sıkı kontrol altında tutulması gerektiği anlaşılmaktadır. Vücut demir homeostazisinin bozulduğu demir eksikliği anemisi ve inflamasyon anemisinde kullanılan demir takviyelerinin yanı sıra; hepsidin antagonistlerinin kullanımı, hemokromatozis ve talasemi gibi demir birikimi ile seyreden hastalıklarda ise demir şelatörleri ve flebotomi uygulanmasının yanı sıra hepsidin agonistlerinin kullanımı demir homeostazisinin düzenlenmesinde gelecekteki tedavi yöntemlerini oluşturacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Demir; hepsidin; hepsidin antagonistleri; hepsidin agonistleri; immün sistem
Iron, the second most common metal in the crust, is an essential nutrient for almost all living forms. Iron is an ideal redox catalyst for various cellular processes including cellular respiration and DNA replication due to its reduction and oxidation ability. This redox potential of iron provides various health benefits while contributing to toxicity in tissues at the same time. Intracellular free iron initiates NF-κB activation due to its ability to catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species, increasing proinflammatory cytokine release. Iron deficiency is known to decrease immune response in living organisms. Also, considering the absolute requirement of iron for pathogens, limiting iron levels is an important strategy for the innate immune system to suppress microbial growth. This strategy extends from the regulations of the hepcidin-ferroportin axis, known as the main regulatory mechanism of systemic iron metabolism, to the expression of siderocalin which inhibits the iron collection of pathogenic bacteria. With regard to the incidence and course of infectious diseases, there is a complex and still not fully understood the interaction between the iron status and immune function. Although there are studies showing increased susceptibility to infections due to iron deficiency, there are also studies showing that iron supplementation increases the incidence of severe disease and death, intestinal inflammation and diarrhea frequency. When the studies showing that the immune system will be adversely affected in case of iron deficiency or excess, it is understood that iron homeostasis in the body should be kept under strict control. In addition to iron supplements used in iron deficiency anemia and inflammation anemia in which body iron metabolism is impaired, the use of hepcidin antagonists and in addition to iron chelators and phlebotomy used in diseases with iron accumulation such as hemochromatosis and thalassemia, the use of hepcidin agonists constitute future treatment methods in the regulation of iron homeostasis.
Keywords: Iron; hepcidin; hepcidin antagonists; hepcidin agonists; immune system
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