Prokaryotlara ait savunma mekanizması bileşenleri kullanılarak geliştirilen düzenli aralıklarla bölünmüş kısa palindromik tekrar kümeleri [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas] sistemi hedefe özgü gen düzenleme aracı olarak in vitro ve in vivo çalışmalarda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. CRISPR-Cas sisteminin kullanım alanları arasında gen silme, gen ekleme, baz düzeltme, gen ifadesi düzenleme, genomik lokusları görüntüleme, epigenetik düzenleme ve diagnostik analizler yer almaktadır. Bu sistemin güçlü özellikleri arasında bulunan esnekliği, çok yönlülüğü ve kolay uygulanabilirliği kullanım alanlarının giderek artmasına yol açmıştır. Son yıllarda, genlerin biyolojik süreçler ve hücresel işlevlerdeki rollerini aydınlatmak için de CRISPR-Cas9 temelli fonksiyonel genetik tarama çalışmaları yapılmaktadır. CRISPR taramaları, başta kanser olmak üzere, hastalığa bağlı olarak hücrelerin hayatta kalabilmeleri için gerekli olan, hastalık gelişiminden sorumlu genetik faktörlerin tanımlanması ve fonksiyonlarının belirlenmesi için kullanılmaktadır. Amaca uygun seçilmiş gRNA kütüphanesinin hazırlanması ve çoğaltılması, ilgili plazmide klonlama, lentivirüslere paketleme ve hücrelere lentiviral transdüksiyon, fenotipik seçilim, yeni nesil DNA dizi analizi ve biyoinformatik analiz aşamalarından oluşan CRISPR-Cas temelli taramalar, fonksiyonel genetik çalışmalarının yüksek verimlilik ve doğrulukta yapılabilmesini mümkün kılmıştır. Patojen-konakçı etkileşimlerinin araştırılması, hastalıkların moleküler mekanizmalarının ortaya konması, yeni tedavi hedeflerinin bulunması ve tedavi direncinde rol oynayan genetik faktörlerin belirlenmesi gibi farklı amaçlara yönelik tarama çalışmaları da yapılabilmektedir. Bu derlemede, farklı CRISPR-Cas sistemleri kısaca özetlendikten sonra genetik tarama çalışmalarının temel mantığı, uygulanışı ve kullanım alanları güncel literatürden seçilen örneklerle tartışılacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: CRISPR-Cas; CRISPR tarama; fonksiyonel genetik tarama; gRNA kütüphanesi
The clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated Cas system, derived from the defence mechanism components of prokaryotes, is frequently used as a target specific gene editing tool in in vitro and in vivo studies. Uses of the CRISPR-Cas system include gene deletion, gene insertion, base editing, gene expression editing, genomic locus imaging, epigenetic editing, and diagnostic analysis. Due to the strengths of the system such as flexibility, versatility and easy application, its usage areas have gradually increased. In recent years, CRISPR-Cas9 based functional genetic screen studies have been carried out to understand the roles of genes in the biological processes and cellular functions. CRISPR screens are used to identify genetic factors responsible for disease development and determine their functions, which are necessary for the survival of cells due to disease, especially cancer. CRISPR-Cas9 screens consisting of desing and amplification of the selected gRNA library, cloning in the relevant plasmid, packaging into lentiviruses and lentiviral transduction into cells, phenotypic selection, next generation DNA sequence analysis and bioinformatics analysis, has allowed functional genetic studies that can be performed with high-throughput and high-efficiency. Screening studies can be carried out for different purposes such as investigating pathogen-host interactions, revealing the molecular mechanisms of diseases, identifying novel therapeutic targets and revealing factors that play a key role in treatment resistance. In this review, after a short summary of different CRISPRCas systems the basic principles of genetic screening studies, their application and areas of usage will be discussed with selected examples from the current literature.
Keywords: CRISPR-Cas; CRISPR screen; functional genetic screen; gRNA library
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