Amaç: Gençlik dönemi kırılganlığın en yüksek olduğu gelişim dönemlerinden biridir. Bu araştırmada, koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 [coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)] pandemisinin 4. dalgasında 18-24 yaşları arasındaki gençlerde ruhsal belirtiler ve ilişkili faktörler incelenmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kesitsel tipteki bu araştırmaya 18-24 yaşları arasında 283 genç çevrim içi yöntemle katılmıştır. Veri toplamada Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu, Genel Sağlık Anketi (GSA-12), Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Kontrol Listesi ve COVID-19 Algısı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: İki ve üzerinde ruhsal semptom (GSA12) görülme sıklığı %74,7; travma sonrası stres bozukluğu görülme sıklığı ise %52,7'dir. Gençlerin %59,7'si pandemi döneminde başta COVID-19 nedeniyle yakınlarını kaybetme (%27,8) olmak üzere en az bir travmatik olay deneyimlediğini bildirmiştir. Lojistik regresyon analizine dayalı olarak ruhsal semptomları sırasıyla; içe dönük kişiliğe sahip olduğunu bildirme 6,3 kat (%95 GA 3,5-11,5), sosyal destek yokluğu 3,4 kat (%95 GA 1,8-6), herhangi bir sağlık sorununa sahip olma 3,3 kat (%95 GA 1,5-7,2), eğitime erişim sorunu yaşama 2,1 kat (%95 GA 1,2-3,7) ve gelirin ihtiyaçları karşılamaması 1,7 kat (%95 GA 1,04- 2,9) artırmıştır. Katılımcıların %44,2'si pandemi döneminde ruh sağlığı desteğine ihtiyaç duyduğunu, ancak dört gençten biri ruh sağlığı hizmetine erişebildiğini bildirmiştir. Sonuç: Bulgulara dayalı olarak, pandemilere hazırlık sürecinde gençlere yönelik sosyal destek sistemlerini güçlendirici, kronik hastaları kesintisiz izleyebilecek, erişilebilir, kapsayıcı ve karşılanabilir önleyici, erken tanı ve tedavi ile topluma kazandırıcı ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin yapılandırılmasının önemli olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19 pandemisi; genç; ruh sağlığı; risk faktörleri
Objective: The youth period is one of the most vulnerable developmental stages. In this study, mental symptoms and related factors in young people aged 18-24 were investigated in the 4th wave of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemia. Material and Methods: A total of 283 young people participated in this cross-sectional study using the online method. Socio-demographic Information Form, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist and COVID-19 Perception Scale were used to collect data. Results: The prevalence of two or more mental symptoms (GHQ-12) was 74.7%, and post-traumatic stress disorder was 52.7%. 59.7% of the participants reported that they had experienced at least one traumatic event during the pandemic period, particularly losing beloved ones due to COVID-19 (27.8%). Predictors of psychological symptoms in young people based on logistic regression analysis respectively; reported having introvert personality type increased 6.3 times (95% CI 3.5-11.5), lack of social support 3.4 times (95% CI 1.8- 6), health problems 3.3 times (95% CI 1.5-7.2), challenges in access to education 2.1 times (95% CI 1.2-3.7) and loss of income increased 1.7 times (95% CI 1.04-2.9). During the pandemic, 44.2% of participants indicated a need for mental health services, but only one out of every four young people received it. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it is believed that it will be critical to build accessible, inclusive, and affordable preventive, early diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation mental health services that can strengthen social support systems for young people, as well as continuously monitor chronic patients during the pandemia preparation period.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic; youth; mental health; risk factors
- Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;382(9904):1575-86. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Makwana N. Disaster and its impact on mental health: a narrative review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(10):3090-5. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kreimer A. Social and economic impacts of natural disasters. International Geology Review. 2001;43(5):401-5. [Crossref]
- Dobson AP, Carper ER. Infectious diseases and human population history: throughout history the establishment of disease has been a side effect of the growth of civilization. Bioscience. 1996;46(2):115-26. [Crossref]
- Lindahl JF, Grace D. The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2015;5:30048. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- World Health Organization [Internet]. © 2023 [Cited: April 8, 2023]. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available from: [Link]
- Horesh D, Brown AD. Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: a call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(4):331-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912-20. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wallace CL, Wladkowski SP, Gibson A, White P. Grief during the COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for palliative care providers. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(1):e70-e6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Thunström L, Newbold SC, Finnoff D, Ashworth M, Shogren JF. The benefits and costs of using social distancing to flatten the curve for COVID-19. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis. 2020;11(2):179-95. [Crossref] [PMC]
- Reger MA, Stanley IH, Joiner TE. Suicide mortality and coronavirus disease 2019-a perfect storm? JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(11):1093-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Işik M, Kirli U, Özdemir PG. the mental health of healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2021;32(4):225-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. [Crossref]
- Vindegaard N, Benros ME. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:531-42. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602. Erratum in: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(7):768. Merikangas, Kathleen R [added]. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol. 2000;55(5):469-80. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Math SB, Girimaji SC, Benegal V, Uday Kumar GS, Hamza A, Nagaraja D. Tsunami: psychosocial aspects of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Assessments and intervention in the early phase. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2006;18(3):233-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- McGorry PD, Mei C. Early intervention in youth mental health: progress and future directions. Evid Based Ment Health. 2018;21(4):182-4. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Tüfekçioğlu EY. Farklı bölgedeki çağrı merkezi çalışanlarında genel sağlık durumu ve tükenmişlik düzeyi [Tıpta uzmanlık tezi]. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi; 2015. Erişim tarihi: 10.07.2024 [Link]
- Kılıç C. Genel sağlık anketi: güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması [General health questionnaire: a validity and reliability study]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 1996;7(1):3-9. [Link]
- Boysan M, Guzel Ozdemir P, Ozdemir O, Selvi Y, Yilmaz E, Kaya N. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (PCL-5). Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2017;27(3):300-10. [Crossref]
- Geniş B, Gürhan N, Koç M, Geniş Ç, Şirin B, Çıraklıoğlu OC, et al. Development of perception and attitude scales related with COVID-19 pandemia. Pearson Journal of Social Sciences-Humanities. 2020;5(7):306-28. [Crossref]
- Liang L, Ren H, Cao R, Hu Y, Qin Z, Li C, et al. The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(3):841-52. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Lee AM, Wong JG, McAlonan GM, Cheung V, Cheung C, Sham PC, et al. Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. Can J Psychiatry. 2007;52(4):233-40. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kaseda ET, Levine AJ. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a differential diagnostic consideration for COVID-19 survivors. Clin Neuropsychol. 2020;34(7-8):1498-514. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Stroud I, Gutman LM. Longitudinal changes in the mental health of UK young male and female adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 2021;303:114074. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gao W, Ping S, Liu X. Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress among college students: a longitudinal study from China. J Affect Disord. 2020;263:292-300. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Goodyear T, Richardson C, Aziz B, Slemon A, Gadermann A, Daly Z, et al. Mental distress and virtual mental health resource use amid the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from a cross-sectional study in Canada. Digit Health. 2023;9:20552076231173528. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Stene L, Thoresen S, Wentzel-Larsen T, Dyb G. Changes in healthcare utilization after mass trauma: a register-based study of young survivors' utilization of primary care and mental health services before and after the Utøya attack in Norway. Eur J Public Health. 2022;32(Suppl 3):ckac129.336. [Crossref] [PMC]
- Kayahan B, Altıntoprak E, Karabilgin S, Öztürk Ö. On beş-kırk dokuz yaşları arasındaki kadınlarda depresyon prevalansı ve depresyon şiddeti ile risk faktörleri arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between risk factors and depression scores, and depression prevalence among women between 15-49 years age]. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2003;4(4):208-19. [Link]
- Preston AJ, Rew L. Connectedness, self-esteem, and prosocial behaviors protect adolescent mental health following social isolation: a systematic review. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2022;43(1):32-41. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Karataş Z. COVID-19 Pandemisinin toplumsal etkileri, değişim ve güçlenme [Social impacts of COVID-19 pandemic, change and empowerment]. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi. 2020;4(1):3-17. [Link]
- Codagnone C, Bogliacino F, Gómez C, Charris R, Montealegre F, Liva G, et al. Assessing concerns for the economic consequence of the COVID-19 response and mental health problems associated with economic vulnerability and negative economic shock in Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0240876. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Turan B, Kempf M, Konkle-Parker DJ, Wilson TE, Tien PC, Wingood GM, et al. How does poverty stigma affect depression symptoms for women living with HIV? Longitudinal mediating and moderating mechanisms. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2023:1-18. [Link]
- Keskin M, Özer Kaya D. COVID-19 sürecinde öğrencilerin web tabanlı uzaktan eğitime yönelik geri bildirimlerinin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of students' feedbacks on web-based distance education in the COVID-19 process]. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;5(2):59-67. [Link]
.: İşlem Listesi