İlk kez, 13 Ocak 2020 tarihinde Çin'in Wuhan eyaletinde bildirilen yeni koronavirüs hastalığı-2019 [coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)], daha sonra çok sayıda ülkede yayılıp, küresel sağlığı tehdit eden pandemi düzeyine gelmiştir. Hastalık etkeni CoV'lar; tek zincirli, pozitif polariteli, zarflı RNA virüsleridir ve insanlarda basit soğuk algınlığından, ciddi solunum sistemi enfeksiyonlarına neden olabilecek türlerdir. COVID-19'a, şiddetli akut solunum sendromu-CoV2 [severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2)] neden olmaktadır. Bu hastalığa karşı etkinliği ve güvenirliliği kanıtlanmış spesifik bir tedavi bulunmamaktadır. Antiviral etkili (favipiravir, remdesivir gibi) bazı ilaçlar tedavide kullanılmaktadır. Bitkilerin antiviral, antiinflamatuar, antioksidan, immünomodülatör gibi önemli biyolojik aktiviteleri ve geleneksel olarak da viral enfeksiyonlarda kullanılan türleri bulunmaktadır. COVID-19 salgını ile birlikte antiviral etkili bitkilerin araştırılması hız kazanmıştır. COVID-19'dan korunma ve tedavide etkili olabilecek bileşiklerin araştırılmasında bitkiler, önemli biyolojik aktiviteleri ve yan etkilerinin azlığı nedeniyle değerli kaynaklardır. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19'a karşı etkili olabilecek bitkiler üzerinde yapılan in siliko, in vitro, in vivo ve klinik çalışmalarla ilgili literatür kaynaklarıyla bir derleme hazırlanmıştır. Fenolik bileşikler (flavonoidler, tanenler), terpenler, alkaloidler gibi sekonder metabolitlerin SARSCoV-2'ye karşı etkinlikleriyle ön plana çıktıkları görülmektedir. İn vitro çalışmalarda, flavonoid yapısındaki baikalein bileşiği ve alkaloid yapısındaki likorin bileşiği etkili bulunmuştur. İn vivo çalışmada ise terpen yapısındaki glisirizin bileşiği ve klinik çalışmada fenolik bileşik kurkumin de COVID-19 için oldukça etkili bulunarak umut vadetmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; bitkisel kaynaklı bileşikler
The new coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), first reported in Wuhan, China, on January 13, 2020, has then spread in many countries and reached the level of pandemic that threatens global health. The disease is CoVs, single-chain, positive polarity, envelope RNA viruses, which can cause severe respiratory system infections from simple cold in humans. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiration syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is no specific treatment that has been proven to be effective and reliable against this disease. Some medicines are used in treatment with antiviral effect (such as favipiravir, remdesivir). Plants have important biological activities such as antiviral, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulator, and traditionally the types used in viral infections. The investigation of antiviral-effective plants, together with the COVID-19 outbreak, has gained speed. In the study of compounds that may be effective in protection and treatment of COVID-19, plants are valuable resources due to significant biological activity, low side effects. In this study, a compilation was prepared with literature sources related to in siliko, in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies on plants that may be effective against COVID-19. It is observed that secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins), terpenes, alkaloids, and others have come to the forefront with their activities against SARS-CoV-2. In in vitro studies, the flavonoid-structured baicalein compound and the alkaloid-structured lycorin compound were found to be effective. In the in vivo study, the glycyrrhizin compound in the terpene structure and the phenolic compound curcumin in the clinical study were found to be very effective for COVID-19 and are promising.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; plant origin compounds
- Khan AA, Khan S, Khan U, Das K. The COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. Annals of Phytomedicine. 2020;9(1):18-26. [Crossref]
- T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı COVID-19 Bilgilendirme Platformu [İnternet]. © 2022 T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. [Erişim tarihi 25 Mart 2021]. Günlük COVID-19 Tablosu. Erişim linki: [Link]
- Merarchi M, Dudha N, Das BC, Garg M. Natural products and phytochemicals as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. Phytother Res. 2021;35(10):5384-96. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Boozari M, Hosseinzadeh H. Natural products for COVID-19 prevention and treatment regarding to previous coronavirus infections and novel studies. Phytother Res. 2021;35(2):864-76. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rahman N, Basharat Z, Yousuf M, Castaldo G, Rastrelli L, Khan H. Virtual screening of natural products against type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), the priming agent of coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Molecules. 2020;25(10):2271. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Narkhede RR, Pise AV, Cheke RS, Shinde SD. Recognition of natural products as potential inhibitors of COVID-19 main protease (Mpro): in-silico evidences. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2020;10(5):297-306. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Albohy A, Zahran EM, Abdelmohsen UR, Salem MA, Al-Warhi T, Al-Sanea MM, et al. Multitarget in silico studies of Ocimum menthiifolium, family Lamiaceae against SARS-CoV-2 supported by molecular dynamics simulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020;1-11. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- de Sá ÉRA, Costa AN, Costa RKM, Souza JL, Ramos RM, Lima FdCA. In silico study of the interactions of Pilocarpus microphyllus imidazolic alkaloids with the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. Mol Simul. 2021;47(1):74-87. [Crossref] [PMC]
- Mesli F, Ghalem M, Daoud I, Ghalem S. Potential inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor of COVID-19 by Corchorus olitorius Linn using docking, molecular dynamics, conceptual DFT investigation and pharmacophore mapping. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;1-13. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Xu J, Gao L, Liang H, Chen SD. In silico screening of potential anti-COVID-19 bioactive natural constituents from food sources by molecular docking. Nutrition. 2021;82:111049. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Suručić R, Tubić B, Stojiljković MP, Djuric DM, Travar M, Grabez M, et al. Computational study of pomegranate peel extract polyphenols as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 virus internalization. Mol Cell Biochem. 2021;476(2):1179-93. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Jena AB, Kanungo N, Nayak V, Chainy GBN, Dandapat J. Catechin and curcumin interact with S protein of SARS-CoV2 and ACE2 of human cell membrane: insights from computational studies. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2043. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Sinha SK, Shakya A, Prasad SK, Singh S, Gurav NS, Prasad RS, et al. An in-silico evaluation of different Saikosaponins for their potency against SARS-CoV-2 using NSP15 and fusion spike glycoprotein as targets. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;39(2):3244-55. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Sakshi C, Harikrishnan A, Jayaraman S, Choudhury AR, Veena V. Predictive medicinal metabolites from Momordica dioica against comorbidity related proteins of SARS-CoV-2 infections. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021;1-14. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Asif M, Saleem M, Saadullah M, Yaseen HS, Al Zarzour R. COVID-19 and therapy with essential oils having antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Inflammopharmacology. 2020;28(5):1153-61. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Koshak DAE, Koshak PEA. Nigella sativa L as a potential phytotherapy for coronavirus disease 2019: a mini review of in silico studies. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020;93:100602. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gao J, Ding Y, Wang Y, Liang P, Zhang L, Liu R. Oroxylin A is a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-spiked pseudotyped virus blocker obtained from Radix Scutellariae using angiotensin-converting enzyme II/cell membrane chromatography. Phytother Res. 2021;35(6):3194-204. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Omotuyi IO, Nash O, Ajiboye BO, Olumekun VO, Oyinloye BE, Osuntokun OT, et al. Aframomum melegueta secondary metabolites exhibit polypharmacology against SARS-CoV-2 drug targets: in vitro validation of furin inhibition. Phytother Res. 2021;35(2):908-19. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Liu H, Ye F, Sun Q, Liang H, Li C, Li S, et al. Scutellaria baicalensis extract and baicalein inhibit replication of SARS-CoV-2 and its 3C-like protease in vitro. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2021;36(1):497-503. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Su HX, Yao S, Zhao WF, Li MJ, Liu J, Shang WJ, et al. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities in vitro of Shuanghuanglian preparations and bioactive ingredients. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020;41(9):1167-77. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gour A, Manhas D, Bag S, Gorain B, Nandi U. Flavonoids as potential phytotherapeutics to combat cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2. Phytother Res. 2021;35(8):4258-83. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Du R, Cooper L, Chen Z, Lee H, Rong L, Cui Q. Discovery of chebulagic acid and punicalagin as novel allosteric inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL(pro). Antiviral Res. 2021;190:105075. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Wang W, Li SS, Xu XF, Yang C, Niu XG, Yin SX, et al. Danshensu alleviates pseudo-typed SARS-CoV-2 induced mouse acute lung inflammation. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2021;1-10. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Jin YH, Min JS, Jeon S, Lee J, Kim S, Park T, et al. Lycorine, a non-nucleoside RNA dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor, as potential treatment for emerging coronavirus infections. Phytomedicine. 2021;86:153440. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Plante KS, Dwivedi V, Plante JA, Fernandez D, Mirchandani D, Bopp N, et al. Antiviral activity of oleandrin and a defined extract of Nerium oleander against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;138:111457. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Nair MS, Huang Y, Fidock DA, Polyak SJ, Wagoner J, Towler MJ, et al. Artemisia annua L. extracts inhibit the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2 and two of its variants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021;274:114016. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Choy KT, Wong AY, Kaewpreedee P, Sia SF, Chen D, Hui KPY, et al. Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2020;178:104786. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Xiong Y, Zhu GH, Wang HN, Hu Q, Chen LL, Guan XQ, et al. Discovery of naturally occurring inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 3CL(pro) from Ginkgo biloba leaves via large-scale screening. Fitoterapia. 2021;152:104909. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Leal CM, Leitão SG, Sausset R, Mendonça SC, Nascimento PHA, de Araujo RCCF, et al. Flavonoids from Siparuna cristata as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2021;1-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Song J, Zhang L, Xu Y, Yang D, Zhang L, Yang S, et al. The comprehensive study on the therapeutic effects of baicalein for the treatment of COVID-19 in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol. 2021;183:114302. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Wu CY, Lin YS, Yang YH, Shu LH, Cheng YC, Liu HT. GB-2 inhibits ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression: in vivo and in vitro studies. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;132:110816. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Jezova D, Karailiev P, Karailievova L, Puhova A, Murck H. Food enrichment with Glycyrrhiza glabra extract suppresses ACE2 mRNA and protein expression in rats-possible implications for COVID-19. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2321. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Devpura G, Tomar BS, Nathiya D, Sharma A, Bhandari D, Haldar S, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial on the efficacy of ayurvedic treatment regime on COVID-19 positive patients. Phytomedicine. 2021;84:153494. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hu K, Guan WJ, Bi Y, Zhang W, Li L, Zhang B, et al. Efficacy and safety of Lianhuaqingwen capsules, a repurposed Chinese herb, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2021;85:153242. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Pawar KS, Mastud RN, Pawar SK, Pawar SS, Bhoite RR, Bhoite RR, et al. Oral curcumin with piperine as adjuvant therapy for the treatment of COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:669362. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- World Health Organization [İnternet]. © 2022 WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. [Erişim tarihi: 23.12.21] Erişim linki: [Link]
.: İşlem Listesi