Neurodegeneration caused by neurotoxicity is a condition influenced by many factors such as increased reactive oxygen species, protein misfolding, and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway dysfunction. The brain-gut axis is one of the primary systems affected by neurodegeneration. This axis is a bidirectional system consisting of neurological, endocrine, and immunological elements. Disruption of microbial balance in the gut leads to poor inflammation, increased oxidative stress, disruption of energy homeostasis, and cellular degeneration. Probiotics, which are important for maintaining this balance, are beneficial bacteria that, when ingested in sufficient quantities, positively affect host health and play an active role in maintaining microbial homeostasis in the gut. Another substance that impacts neurodegeneration is vitamin D. It is clearly stated in the literature that vitamin D supplementation, a fat-soluble micronutrient that falls into the steroid hormone category, or adequate sun exposure positively reduces the risk of developing/progressing neurodegenerative disorders. Vitamin D achieves this effect by inhibiting the synthesis of nitric oxide synthase and increasing the stimulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Moreover, vitamin D exerts this beneficial effect by binding to vitamin D receptors in the intestine. It is known that probiotics and vitamin D have separate neuroprotective effects against neurotoxicity, but it is not well enough known that their beneficial effects are enhanced when probiotics and vitamin D are taken together. The aim of this study is to show that the beneficial effects of probiotics and vitamin D against neurotoxicity are enhanced when they are taken together.
Keywords: Probiotics; vitamin D; microbiota; brain-gut axis; neurotoxicity syndromes
Nörotoksisitenin neden olduğu nörodejenerasyon, reaktif oksijen türlerinin artması, proteinlerin yanlış katlanması ve ubikitin-proteozom yolağının disfonksiyonu gibi birçok faktörden etkilenen bir durumdur. Nörojenerasyondan etkilenen sistemlerin başında beyin-bağırsak aksı gelir. Bu aks nörolojik, endokrin ve immünolojik unsurlardan oluşan çift yönlü bir sistemdir. Bağırsağın mikrobiyal dengesinin bozulması düşük dereceli inflamasyona, oksidatif streste artışa, enerji homeostazının bozulmasına ve hücresel dejenerasyonun artmasına neden olur. Bu dengenin korunmasında önemli olan probiyotikler, yeterli miktarda alındığında konakçı sağlığını olumlu yönde etkileyen ve bağırsaklarda mikrobiyal homeostazın sağlanmasında aktif rol oynayan yararlı bakterilerdir. Nörodejenerasyon üzerine etkisi olduğu bilinen bir diğer madde D vitaminidir. Steroid hormon kategorisine giren ve yağda çözünen bir mikro besin olan D vitamini takviyesinin veya yeterli güneş ışığına maruz kalmanın, nörodejeneratif bozuklukların gelişme/ilerleme riskini olumlu yönde azalttığı literatürde açıkça belirtilmektedir. D vitamini bu etkisini nitrik oksit sentazın sentezini inhibe ederek ve gama-glutamil transpeptidazın stimülasyonunu artırarak gerçekleştirmektedir. Ayrıca D vitamini bu yararlı etkisini bağırsaktaki D vitamini reseptörlerine bağlanarak gösterir. Probiyotikler ve D vitamininin nörotoksisiteye karşı ayrı ayrı nöroprotektif etkisi olduğu bilinmekle birlikte, probiyotikler ve D vitamini birlikte alındığında bu protektif etkinin arttığı yeterince bilinmemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, nörotoksisiteye karşı probiyotiklerin ve D vitamininin birlikte kullanıldığında yararlı etkilerinin artığını ortaya koymaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Probiyotikler; D vitamini; mikrobiyota; beyin-bağırsak aksı; nörotoksisite sendromları
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