Katı oral dozaj şekillerinde biyoyararlanım ve biyoeşdeğerliğin değerlendirilebilmesi için uygulamadan sonra ilacın sırasıyla dağılması, sulu ortamda çözünmesi ve sistemik dolaşıma geçmesi gerekmektedir. Bu aşamalarda etkin maddeye ait fizikokimyasal özellikler, dozaj şekli tasarımına ait özellikler ve uygulama bölgesindeki anatomik ve fizyolojik özellikler uygulanan ilacın biyoyararlanım ve biyoeşdeğerliğine doğrudan etki eder. Dozaj şeklinin tipi, dağılma (dezentegrasyon), çözünme (disolüsyon), farmasötik eksipiyanlar ve üretim değişkenleri dozaj şekli tasarımına ait özellikler olmakla birlikte; partikül büyüklüğü, suda çözünürlük, dağılma katsayısı, tuz yapısı, iyonlaşma derecesi, iyonizasyon sabiti (pKa), ön ilaç formu, solvat-hidrat, polimorfizm özellikleri ise etkin maddeye ait fizikokimyasal özellikler olup, ilaç biyoyararlanım ve biyoeşdeğerliği üstünde birinci derece öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, biyoyararlanım ve biyoeşdeğerliğe etki eden etkin maddeye ait fizikokimyasal özellikler için güncel literatür taranarak değerlendirilmesi yapılmış ve etkin maddenin fizikokimyasal kısıtlarından kaynaklanan biyoyararlanım sorununun iyileştirilmesi üzerine güncel yaklaşımlar sınıflandırılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Etkin maddenin biyoyararlanım ile biyoeşdeğerliğe etki eden ve biyoyararlanımı kısıtlayan fizikokimyasal özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesinde güncel yaklaşımların son yıllarda hız kazanarak ilaç araştırma ve geliştirme çalışmalarında geniş yer kazandığı ve Amerikan Gıda ve İlaç İdaresi tarafından artan onay oranları ile klinik kullanımda yaygın olarak yer almaya başladığı belirlenmiştir. Bu amaçla, konunun güncel literatür çalışmaları ile örneklendirilerek değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Biyoyararlanım; biyoeşdeğerlik; oral dozaj şekli
In order to evaluate the bioavailability and bioequivalence in solid oral dosage forms, the drug must be dispersed, dissolved in the aqueous medium and enter the systemic circulation, respectively, after administration. At these stages, the physicochemical properties of the active ingredient, the properties of the dosage form design, and the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the application area directly affect the bioavailability and bioequivalence of the administered drug. Although the type of dosage form, disintegration, dissolution, pharmaceutical excipients and production variables are the features of dosage form design; particle size, water solubility, dispersion coefficient, salt structure, degree of ionization, ionization constant (pKa), prodrug form, solvate-hydrate, polymorphism properties are the physicochemical properties of the active substance and are of primary importance on drug bioavailability and bioequivalence. In this study, the physicochemical properties of the active substance that affect its bioavailability and bioequivalence were evaluated by evaluating the current literature, and current approaches to improving the bioavailability problem arising from the physicochemical limitations of the active substance were classified and evaluated. It has been determined that current approaches to improving the physicochemical properties of the active substance, which affect bioavailability and bioequivalence and restrict bioavailability, have increased in recent years and gained wide coverage in drug research and development studies, and have begun to be applied in clinical use with increasing approval rates by the American Food and Drug Administration. For this purpose, it is aimed to evaluate the subject by exemplifying it with current literature studies.
Keywords: Bioavailability; bioequivalence; oral dosage form
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