Polimerler, çok sayıda monomerin bir araya gelmesi sonucu oluşan makromoleküllerdir. Zaman içerisinde, biyomalzeme olarak kullanılan polimerlerin insan vücudu ile olan etkileşimleri göz önüne alınarak yeni polimerler sentezlenmiş ve bu sayede polimerlere ilişkin uygulama alanları oldukça genişlemiştir. Sağlık alanında kullanılan polimerik sistemlerin çoğunluğu için biyouyumluluk ve biyoparçalanma, öncelikli 2 özellik olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Uzun yıllar boyunca araştırılan, Amerikan Gıda ve İlaç Dairesi tarafından onaylanan polimerlerin, biyomedikal uygulamalarda kullanımı oldukça yaygınlaşmaktadır. Polimerlerin alt grubu olan 'uyarana duyarlı polimerler' ise günümüz polimer uygulama ve araştırmalarının en popüler konularından birini oluşturmaktadır. Bu polimer grubunu diğer polimerlerden ayıran en önemli özelliği, uyaranlara duyarlı polimerlerin elektrik ve manyetik alan, sıcaklık, pH ve ışık gibi çevresel uyaranlara cevap verebilmesidir. Bu kapsamda, 'akıllı' olarak da adlandırılan polimerlerin, insan vücuduna, çeşitli yollardan uygulanması sonucu fizyolojik koşullar ya da dışarıdan uygulanan ek bir uyaran sebebiyle fizikokimyasal özelliklerinde değişimler meydana getirdiği gözlenmektedir. Bu derlemede, başta eczacılık olmak üzere, sağlık alanında farklı uygulamalar için kullanılan polimerler hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir. Ayrıca, ilaç taşıma, gen taşıma, doku mühendisliği, yara iyileşmesi de dâhil olmak üzere çeşitli biyomedikal uygulamalarda akıllı polimerlerin kullanımı ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelenmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Polimerler; biyopolimerler; uyarana duyarlı polimerler; biyomedikal araştırma; ilaç dağıtım sistemleri
Polymers are macromolecules formed by the combination of a large number of monomers. In the course of time, new polymers have been synthesized considering the interactions of polymers used as biomaterials with the human body, and thus their area of application is quite enlarged. Biocompatibility and biodegradation for the majority of polymeric systems used in the field of health are the two most sought-after features. Polymers, which have been researched for many years and approved by the American Food and Drug Administration, are widely used in biomedical applications. 'Stimuli-responsive polymers', a sub group of polymers, are one of the most popular topics of today's polymer applications. The most important feature that distinguishes this group of polymers from other polymers is that polymers sensitive to stimuli can respond to environmental stimuli such as electric and magnetic fields, temperature, pH, and light. In this context, polymers that also called 'smart' are applied to the human body in various ways, and changes in their physicochemical properties occur due to physiological conditions or an additional external stimulus. This review provides information on polymers used in many biomedical fields, especially in the field of pharmacy. In addition, the use of smart polymers in various biomedical applications such as drug transport, gene transport, tissue engineering, wound healing has been thoroughly studied.
Keywords: Polymers; biopolymers; stimuli responsive polymers; biomedical research; drug delivery systems
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