Ayna nöronlar, sinir bilimin son dönemlerindeki en önemli keşiflerden biridir. Ayna nöronlar, bir motor eylem gerçekleştirildiğinde, aynı ya da benzer bir motor eylemi gerçekleştiren biri gözlemlendiğinde veya eylem ile ilgili işitsel bilgi alındığında deşarj olan ayırt edici bir nöron sınıfını temsil ederler. Ayna nöronların; gerçekleştirilen eylemi anlama, eylemi öğrenme, kolaylaştırma, taklit etme, empati, zihin okuma, duygu tanıma, niyet okuma, dil edinimi, jest ve mimikler ile iletişim kurma, konuşma algısı ve üretimi, müzik işleme, cinsel yönelim ve estetik deneyim gibi birçok fonksiyonu bulunmaktadır. İnsan sosyal çevre etkileşimi, birçok insan davranışı ve düşünce yapısı üzerine etkileri olan bu nöron gruplarının özellikleri temelinde pek çok rehabilitasyon yaklaşımı geliştirilmiştir. Bu rehabilitasyon yaklaşımları, güncel tedavi programlarında sıkça tercih edilmektedir. Ayna nöron sisteminin işlevlerine dayanan ayna terapisi, motor imgeleme, eylem gözlem eğitimi, sanal gerçeklik rehabilitasyon yaklaşımları ve müzik terapi gibi farklı tekniklerin kullanılması rehabilitasyon başarısını olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. Bu derlemede, ayna nöronların görevleri ve fonksiyonları, motor öğrenme ile ilişkisi ve hareketin algısal bileşeni üzerine etkileri açıklanmıştır. Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda ayna nöronların keşfi ile birlikte elde edilen bulguların temelini oluşturduğu farklı rehabilitasyon yaklaşımları incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda ayna terapisi, motor imgeleme, eylem gözlem eğitimi, sanal gerçeklik rehabilitasyon yaklaşımları ve müzik terapi gibi farklı yaklaşımlarının tedavi süreçlerinde kullanımı özetlenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ayna nöron; ayna terapisi; motor imgeleme; eylem gözlem eğitimi; sanal gerçeklik
Mirror neurons are one of the most important discoveries in recent neuroscience. Mirror neurons represent a distinctive class of neurons that discharge when performing a motor action, when another individual performing the same or similar motor action is observed or when auditory information about the action is received. Mirror neurons have many functions such as understanding action, facilitating action learning, imitation, empathy, reading mind, emotion recognition, intention reading, language acquisition, communication with gestures and mimics, speech perception and production, music processing, sexual orientation and aesthetic experience. Many rehabilitation approaches have been developed based on the characteristics of these neuron groups, which have effects on human-social environment interaction, many human behaviors, and mentality. These treatment approaches are frequently used in current rehabilitation programs. The use of different techniques such as mirror therapy, motor imagery, action observation training, virtual reality rehabilitation approaches and music therapy, based on the functions of the mirror neuron system positively affects the success of rehabilitation. In this review, the tasks and functions of mirror neurons, their relationship with motor learning and their effects on the perceptual component of movement are explained. In line with this information, different rehabilitation approaches, which are the basis of the findings obtained with the discovery of mirror neurons, were examined. In this context, the use of different approaches such as mirror therapy, motor imagery, action observation training, virtual reality rehabilitation approaches and music therapy in treatment processes are summarized.
Keywords: Mirror neuron; mirror therapy; motor imagery; observation training; virtual realty
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