Uçucu yağlar (esansiyel yağlar da denir); aromatik bitkilerin çiçek, yaprak, kök, tohum, kabuk, reçine, odun, ot veya yumru gibi farklı organlarında oluşan ve sekonder metabolitler olarak adlandırılan bileşenlerin, distilasyon (damıtma) veya mekanik presleme (narenciye türleri) yöntemlerine maruz kalarak son ürün hâline getirilmesi ile elde edilirler. Uçucu yağlar başta terpenler (monoterpen, seskiterpen ve nadiren diterpenler), onların oksijenli türevleri ve fenilpropanoitler ve bazen de yağ asitleri olmak üzere çok sayıda bileşenden oluşurlar. Pek çok uçucu yağ ve bu yağlarda bulunan bileşenler, in vitro/in vivo çalışmalar ve klinik araştırmalar ile teyit edilmiş biyoaktiviteye sahip olup; analjezik, antiinflamatuar, antibakteriyel, antifungal, antiviral ve antioksidan etkileri ile bilinirler. Uçucu yağlardan ilaç, kozmetik, veterinerlik, gıda ve tarım gibi pek çok alanda faydalanılmaktadır. Uçucu yağların iyi ve sağlıklı olma hâlini destekleyici, koruyucu ve tedavi amaçlı sistemli ve kontrollü kullanımları aromaterapi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Söz konusu yağlar asıl olarak solunum yolu ve cilt üzerinden kullanılmakta olup, dâhilen de uygulanabilmektedir. Uçucu yağlardan hazırlanan kapsül, supozituvar, ovül gibi ürünlerin sistemik uygulamalarıyla öne çıkan medikal aromaterapi, fitoterapinin özel bir alanı olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu derlemede, Türkiye'de yetişen veya yaygın olarak kullanılan aromatik bitkilerden elde edilen uçucu yağların başta HSV-1, HSV-2, influenza, şiddetli akut solunum sendromu ve Orta Doğu solunum sendromu olmak üzere insanlarda enfeksiyona sebep olan virüslere karşı antiviral aktivitelerinin araştırıldığı çalışmalar sunulmuştur. Ayrıca uçucu yağların antiviral etki mekanizması değerlendirilmiş olup, potansiyel uygulamalar üzerine görüş bildirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Uçucu yağlar; terpenler; aromaterapi; tıbbi bitkiler; antiviral ajanlar
Essential oils are obtained as final products through exposure to distillation or mechanical pressing (types of citrus) of components called secondary metabolites which are synthesized in different parts of aromatic plants, such as flowers, leaves, roots, seeds, bark, resin, wood, grass, or rhizomes. Essential oils consist of many components, primarily terpenes (monoterpen, sesquiterpene and rarely diterpenes), their oxygenated derivatives, phenylpropanoids and some fatty acids. Many essential oils and components found in these oils have bioactivity confirmed by in vitro/in vivo studies and clinical research and are known for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant effects. Essential oils are used in many fields such as veterinary medicine, agriculture, food, cosmetics and medicine. Therapeutic use of essential oils that support the well-being and health is named as aromatherapy, and can be applied internally as well as through the respiratory tract and skin. On the other hand, medical aromatherapy, which stands out with the systemic applications of products such as capsules, suppositories, ovules prepared from essential oils, can be considered as a special area of phytotherapy. This review is focused on the antiviral activity of essential oils derived from the medicinal and aromatic plants grown or commonly used in Turkey against viruses that cause infections in humans including HSV-1, HSV-2, influenza virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome and middle east respiratory syndrome. In addition, the antiviral mechanism of essential oils has been evaluated and opinions have been stated on potential applications.
Keywords: Essential oils; terpenes; aromatherapy; aromatic and medicinal plants; antiviral agents
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