Alzheimer, bilişsel fonksiyonlarda kayıplara neden olan nörodejeneratif bir hastalıktır. Alzheimer'ın patogenezinde toksik amiloidbeta (Aß) peptid birikimi, tau proteinlerinin hiperfosforilasyonu ve asetilkolin seviyelerindeki azalma yatmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, kolinesteraz inhibitörleri ve N-metil-D-aspartat antagonistleri ileri Alzheimer tedavisinde kullanılmaktadırlar. Ancak yine de ileri veya orta düzeydeki Alzheimer'da daha etkin tedavilerin bulunmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu nedenle bilim insanları, Alzheimer'ın patolojisindeki moleküler yolakları ve bu süreçleri etkileyebilecek ilaçları araştırmaktadırlar. Alzheimer'da anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzim [angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)] inhibitörlerinin kullanımına yönelik çelişkili çalışmalar mevcuttur. İn vitro çalışmalar, ACE'nin P maddesi seviyesini ve peroksizom proliferatör aktive reseptör-gama aktivitesini azaltarak, Aß yıkımını azaltabileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca ACE'nin asetilkolin salınım inhibisyonunu ve Aß birikimini artırdığı kanıtlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, ACE inhibitörlerinin Alzheimer prognozunu azalttığını gösteren klinik çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmaların tersine, ACE inhibitörlerinin Alzheimer'da demans riskini artırdığına yönelik klinik bulgular da vardır. ACE'nin aynı zamanda N terminal bölgesi ile Aß birikimini direkt azalttığının gösterilmiş olması bu paradoksu açıklayabilir. Dolayısıyla ACE inhibitörleri, Alzheimer tedavisinde Aß birikimini direkt artırarak düşman, ancak 'downstream' mekanizmalar üzerinden etki göstererek dost bir yaklaşım ortaya koyabilir. Bütün bu veriler göz önüne alındığında, Alzheimer tedavisi için santral sinir sistemine girebilen ve N terminal bölgesini değil, C terminal bölgesini inhibe eden ACE inhibitörlerinin geliştirilmesi umut verici bir hedef olabilir. Bu derlemede, ACE inhibitörlerinin Alzheimer gelişimindeki olumlu ve olumsuz rolleri, mekanizmaları, santral etkili ve aktif bölge seçici ACE inhibitörlerinin ayrımı incelenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Alzheimer hastalığı; anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzim inhibitörleri; santral sinir sistemi; aktif bölge seçici inhibitörler
Alzheimer's is a neurodegenerative disease that can lead on loss of cognitive functions. Alzheimer's pathology includes toxic amyloid-beta (Aß) peptide accumulation, hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, and acetylcholine levels reduction. In this context, cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists are used in the treatment of advanced Alzheimer's. However, there is still a need for more effective treatments for advanced or moderate Alzheimer's. Therefore, scientists are investigating the molecular pathways involved in Alzheimer's pathology and the drugs that may affect these processes. Conflicting studies are available intended for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors usage in Alzheimer's. In vitro studies have shown that ACE can reduce Aß destruction by reducing substance P levels and peroxisome proliferatör receptor-gamma activity. Also, it has been proven to ACE increases acetylcholine release inhibition and Aß accumulation. In this context, there are clinical studies have shown that ACE inhibitors decrease Alzheimer's prognosis. On the contrary to these studies, there are also clinical findings suggesting that ACE inhibitors increase dementia in Alzheimer's. Recent studies have shown that ACE also reduces Aß accumulation directly by N-terminal may explain this paradox. Therefore, ACE inhibitors can reveal a hostile approach by direct increasing Aß accumulation, or friendly approach by acting through downstream mechanisms. Given these datas, development of ACE inhibitors that can enter the central nervous system and inhibit C-terminal, but not N-terminal, may be promising target for Alzheimer's treatment. In this review, the positive-negative roles and mechanisms of ACE inhibitors in Alzheimer's development, seperation of centrally acting and active site selective ACE inhibitors are examined.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; central nervous system; active site selective inhibitors
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