Objective: Exercise is known to have many beneficial effects for the organism, especially the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and endocrine systems, depending on the type, intensity, duration and frequency. One of the mechanisms that mediate these beneficial effects is cytokines released from muscle called myokines. It is important to examine myokine levels in response to exercise to understand their roles in muscle growth / differentiation, metabolism, angiogenesis, neuronal stimulation. We aimed to investigate the time-dependent changes in the plasma levels of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), CXC ligand 1 (CXCL-1), cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1), oncostatin M (OSM), myostatin (MSTN) in response to acute-chronic swimming exercise in mice. Material and Methods: 70 adult, BALB/c male mice were divided into control, acute swimming (30 min) and chronic swimming (30 min/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks) groups. Exercising mice were further divided into 3, in terms of the time passed (3, 24, 48 h) following the last exercise session. Mice swam in a water tank (68 cm x 44 cm x 38 cm) at constant temperature (30-32 °C). Plasma CNTF, CXCL-1, CT-1, OSM, MSTN levels were determined using commercial kits. Results: No statistically significant time-dependent alteration in plasma levels of CNTF, CXCL1, CT-1, OSM, MSTN was determined. Conclusion: The fact that there is no change in plasma myokine concentrations at 3, 24 and 48 h following exercises may not exclude the possibility that these myokines play role in exercise-induced adaptations. If different sample collection times had been chosen, possible changes in these myokines may have been detected.
Keywords: Adaptation; myokine; swimming
Amaç: Egzersizin; tipine, şiddetine, süresine ve sıklığına bağlı olarak başta kas-iskelet sistemi, kardiyovasküler sistem, solunum sistemi, endokrin sistem olmak üzere organizma için çok sayıda yararlı etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. Egzersizin bu faydalı etkilerine aracılık eden mekanizmalardan birisi de miyokin adı verilen kastan salınan sitokinlerdir. Miyokinlerin kas büyüme / farklılaşması, metabolizması, yeni damar oluşumu ve kasın sinirsel uyarımındaki rollerini anlamak için egzersize cevaben düzeylerinin incelenmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, farelerde akut-kronik yüzme egzersizine yanıt olarak siliyer nörotrofik faktör [ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF)], CXC ligand 1 (CXCL-1), kardiyotrofin 1 [cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1)], onkostatin M (OSM), miyostatin (MSTN) miyokinlerinin plazma düzeylerindeki zamana bağlı değişimlerin araştırılması amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntemler: 70 adet yetişkin, BALB/c erkek fare; kontrol, akut yüzme (30 dk) ve kronik yüzme (30 dk/gün, 5 gün/hafta, 6 hafta) gruplarına ayrıldı. Egzersiz yapan fareler, son egzersiz seansından sonra geçen süreye göre (3, 24, 48 saat) ayrıca 3'e bölündü. Fareler, su tankında (68 cm x 44 cm x 38 cm), sabit sıcaklıkta (30-32 °C) yüzdürüldü. Plazma CNTF, CXCL-1, CT-1, OSM ve MSTN düzeyleri ticari kitler kullanılarak ölçüldü. Bulgular: CNTF, CXCL-1, CT-1, OSM, MSTN'nin plazma düzeylerinde zamana bağlı istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir değişiklik saptanmadı. Sonuç: Egzersiz sonrası 3, 24 ve 48. saatlerde plazma miyokin konsantrasyonlarında herhangi bir değişiklik olmaması, bu miyokinlerin egzersize bağlı adaptasyonlarda rol oynama olasılığını dışlamayabilir. Farklı numune toplama zamanları seçilseydi bu miyokinlerdeki olası değişiklikler tespit edilebilirdi.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Adaptasyon; miyokin; yüzme
- Leal LG, Lopes MA, Batista ML Jr. Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1307. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Giudice J, Taylor JM. Muscle as a paracrine and endocrine organ. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2017;34:49-55. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hunt LC, White J. The role of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor signaling in skeletal muscle growth, injury and disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;900:45-59. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Limongelli G, Calabrò P, Maddaloni V, Russo A, Masarone D, D'Aponte A, et al. Cardiotrophin-1 and TNF-alpha circulating levels at rest and during cardiopulmonary exercise test in athletes and healthy individuals. Cytokine. 2010;50(3):245-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pedersen L, Pilegaard H, Hansen J, Brandt C, Adser H, Hidalgo J, et al. Exercise-induced liver chemokine CXCL-1 expression is linked to muscle-derived interleukin-6 expression. J Physiol. 2011;589(Pt 6):1409-20. Erratum in: J Physiol. 2012;590(Pt 24):6425. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Chen KC, Hsieh CL, Peng CC, Peng RY. Exercise rescued chronic kidney disease by attenuating cardiac hypertrophy through the cardiotrophin-1 -> LIFR/gp 130 -> JAK/STAT3 pathway. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;21(4):507-20. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hojman P, Dethlefsen C, Brandt C, Hansen J, Pedersen L, Pedersen BK. Exercise-induced muscle-derived cytokines inhibit mammary cancer cell growth. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011;301(3):E504-10. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Matsakas A, Bozzo C, Cacciani N, Caliaro F, Reggiani C, Mascarello F, et al. Effect of swimming on myostatin expression in white and red gastrocnemius muscle and in cardiac muscle of rats. Exp Physiol. 2006;91(6):983-94. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pedersen L, Olsen CH, Pedersen BK, Hojman P. Muscle-derived expression of the chemokine CXCL1 attenuates diet-induced obesity and improves fatty acid oxidation in the muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;302(7):E831-40. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Broholm C, Pedersen BK. Leukaemia inhibitory factor--an exercise-induced myokine. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2010;16:77-85. [PubMed]
- Guillet C, Auguste P, Mayo W, Kreher P, Gascan H. Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a regulator of muscular strength in aging. J Neurosci. 1999;19(4):1257-62. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Kabak B, Belviranli M, Okudan N. Irisin and myostatin responses to acute high-intensity interval exercise in humans. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2018;35(3):/j/hmbci.2018.35.issue-3/hmbci-2018-0008/hmbci-2018-0008.xml. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Konopka AR, Wolff CA, Suer MK, Harber MP. Relationship between intermuscular adipose tissue infiltration and myostatin before and after aerobic exercise training. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2018;315(3):R461-R468. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Lazar JM, Khanna N, Chesler R, Salciccioli L. Swimming and the heart. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(1):19-26. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lehmann M, Samek L. Recreational swimming in CHD patients and healthy control subjects in relation to left heart function. Clin Cardiol. 1990;13(8):547-54. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ravi Kiran T, Subramanyam MV, Asha Devi S. Swim exercise training and adaptations in the antioxidant defense system of myocardium of old rats: relationship to swim intensity and duration. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;137(2):187-96. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Prasad DS, Das BC. Physical inactivity: a cardiovascular risk factor. Indian J Med Sci. 2009;63(1):33-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Boppart MD, De Lisio M, Zou K, Huntsman HD. Defining a role for non-satellite stem cells in the regulation of muscle repair following exercise. Front Physiol. 2013;4:310. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Lee JH, Jun HS. Role of myokines in regulating skeletal muscle mass and function. Front Physiol. 2019;10:42. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Walker KS, Kambadur R, Sharma M, Smith HK. Resistance training alters plasma myostatin but not IGF-1 in healthy men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(5):787-93. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zachwieja JJ, Smith SR, Sinha-Hikim I, Gonzalez-Cadavid N, Bhasin S. Plasma myostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased after prolonged bed rest with low-dose T3 administration. J Gravit Physiol. 1999;6(2):11-5. [PubMed]
- Harber MP, Crane JD, Dickinson JM, Jemiolo B, Raue U, Trappe TA, et al. Protein synthesis and the expression of growth-related genes are altered by running in human vastus lateralis and soleus muscles. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296(3):R708-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bueno PG, Bassi D, Contrera DG, Carnielli HM, Silva RN, Nonaka KO, et al. Post-exercise changes in myostatin and actRIIB expression in obese insulin-resistant rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011;339(1-2):159-64. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Metcalf D. The unsolved enigmas of leukemia inhibitory factor. Stem Cells. 2003;21(1):5-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Jansson JO, Movérare-Skrtic S, Berndtsson A, Wernstedt I, Carlsten H, Ohlsson C. Leukemia inhibitory factor reduces body fat mass in ovariectomized mice. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154(2):349-54. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Banitalebi E, Ghahfarrokhi MM, Negaresh R, Kazemi A, Faramarzi M, Motl RW, et al. Exercise improves neurotrophins in multiple sclerosis independent of disability status. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;43:102143. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Stephens JM, Elks CM. Oncostatin M: potential implications for malignancy and metabolism. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(25):3645-57. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Greenhill CJ, Rose-John S, Lissilaa R, Ferlin W, Ernst M, Hertzog PJ, et al. IL-6 trans-signaling modulates TLR4-dependent inflammatory responses via STAT3. J Immunol. 2011;186(2):1199-208. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dixit A, Bottek J, Beerlage AL, Schuettpelz J, Thiebes S, Brenzel A, et al. Frontline Science: Proliferation of Ly6C+ monocytes during urinary tract infections is regulated by IL-6 trans-signaling. J Leukoc Biol. 2018;103(1):13-22. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ayaub EA, Dubey A, Imani J, Botelho F, Kolb MRJ, Richards CD, et al. Overexpression of OSM and IL-6 impacts the polarization of pro-fibrotic macrophages and the development of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):13281. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hwang JH, McGovern J, Minett GM, Della Gatta PA, Roberts L, Harris JM, et al. Mobilizing serum factors and immune cells through exercise to counteract age-related changes in cancer risk. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2020;26:80-99. [PubMed]
- Porter JD, Guo W, Merriam AP, Khanna S, Cheng G, Zhou X, et al. Persistent over-expression of specific CC class chemokines correlates with macrophage and T-cell recruitment in mdx skeletal muscle. Neuromuscul Disord. 2003;13(3):223-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rodriguez J, Fernández-Verdejo R, Pierre N, Priem F, Francaux M. Endurance training attenuates catabolic signals induced by TNF-α in muscle of mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(2):227-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pillon NJ, Bilan PJ, Fink LN, Klip A. Cross-talk between skeletal muscle and immune cells: muscle-derived mediators and metabolic implications. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2013;304(5):E453-65. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Fernández-Verdejo R, Vanwynsberghe AM, Hai T, Deldicque L, Francaux M. Activating transcription factor 3 regulates chemokine expression in contracting C2C12 myotubes and in mouse skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;492(2):249-54. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi