Yaşlanma fiziksel, bellek dâhil bilişsel ve sosyal işlevlerde gerilemenin meydana geldiği bir yaşam sürecidir. Bu süreçte yaşlılar arasında yüksek prevalans gösteren hastalıklara sık rastlanmakta ve yaşlı bireyler için bir ya da birden fazla kronik hastalıkla mücadele etmeyi gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu durum yaşlı birey açısından bakım gereksiniminin artması, yaşam kalitesinde azalma, bakım verenler için bakım yükünün artışı, sağlık sistemlerinin sürdürülebilirliği açısından yüksek ölümlülük oranları ve sağlık harcamalarındaki aşırı artışa neden olması ile bir tehdit anlamına gelmektedir. Bu hastalıklardan biri olan Alzheimer, etiyolojisi bilinemeyen, zayıf ilaç etkinliği olan fiziksel ve bilişsel işlevlerin azalması ile karakterize progresif nörodejeneratif bir hastalıktır. Tıp ve sağlık bilimlerinde meydana gelen gelişme ve ilerlemelere rağmen Alzheimer hastalığı tedavisinde başarıya tam olarak ulaşılamamıştır. Bu nedenle Alzheimer ve bu hastalığı bağlı bilişsel bozulma ile yaşlanan bir popülasyonda, fiziksel ve bilişsel işlevlerde azalmayı yavaşlatmak ve hastalıkla mücadele etmek adına çeşitli stratejiler gerekmektedir. Bu derlemede, değiştirilebilir risk faktörleri ile bu stratejilerden, nörolojik mekanizmaları hedef alan fiziksel egzersizin, Alzheimerlı yaşlılarda rolü üzerinde durulmuştur. Literatürde yer alan çalışmalar, fiziksel egzersizin hem fiziksel ve bilişsel performanstaki düşüşleri azalttığını hem de hastalığın ilerlemesini yavaşlattığı yönünde kanıtlar sunmuştur. Ayrıca Alzheimer hastalığı ve diğer demans türleri gibi nörodejeneratif hastalıklarla ilgili değişikliklere karşı koruma sağlayabildiği gösterilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Alzheimer hastalığı; egzersiz; yaşlı
Aging is a course of life in which there is a regression in physical, cognitive including memory and social functions. In this period, the elders go through diseases with high prevalence often and they make it essential for old people to struggle with one or more chronicle diseases. This situation poses a threat to the old people due to the increase in their need for care, decrease in the life quality, increase in the care responsibilities of caretakers, high mortality rate and excessive increase in the health expenses in terms of the sustainability of healthcare systems. Alzheimer, one of these diseases, is a progressive neuro-degenerative disease whose etiology cannot be known, drug activity is weak and which is characterized with decrease in the physical and cognitive functions. The treatment of alzheimer disease has not been succeeded completely despite the advancements and progress in the medical and health sciences. Therefore, various strategies are required to slow down the regression in the physical and cognitive functions, and to fight with the disease in a population which is growing old with alzheimer and cognitive impairment deriving from alzheimer. In this review, the role of physical exercise in alzheimeri elderly, focusing on neurological mechanisms and modifiable risk factors and these strategies are discussed. The studies in the literature presented evidence indicating that physical exercise both decreases the regression in the physical and cognitive performance and slows down the progress of the disease. Furthermore, they showed that it can provide a protection against the alterations concerning neuro-degenerative diseases such as alzheimer disease and other types of dementia.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; exercise; elderly
- Dziechciaż M, Filip R. Biological psychological and social determinants of old age: bio-psycho-social aspects of human aging. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21(4):835-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Lunenfeld B. An aging world--demographics and challenges. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2008;24(1):1-3. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bahat G, Tufan F, Bahat Z, Tufan A, Aydin Y, Akpinar TS, et al. Comorbidities, polypharmacy, functionality and nutritional status in Turkish community-dwelling female elderly. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2014;26(3):255-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Marengoni A, Angleman S, Melis R, Mangialasche F, Karp A, Garmen A, et al. Aging with multimorbidity: a systematic review of the literature. Ageing Res Rev. 2011;10(4):430-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Gallaway PJ, Miyake H, Buchowski MS, Shimada M, Yoshitake Y, Kim AS, et al. Physical activity: a viable way to reduce the risks of mild cognitive ımpairment, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia in older adults. Brain Sci. 2017;7(2):22. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Alzheimer's Association. 2015 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(3):332-84. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Perez JMR, Ruiz JMM. A review: inflammatory process in Alzheimer's disease, role of cytokines. TSWJ. 2012;2012:756357. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Hill KD, LoGiudice D, Lautenschlager NT, Said CM, Dodd KJ, Suttanon P. Effectiveness of balance training exercise in people with mild to moderate severity Alzheimer's disease: protocol for a randomised trial. BMC Geriatr. 2009;9:29. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(4):329-44. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tanzi RE, Bertram L. Twenty years of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid hypothesis: a genetic perspective. Cell. 2005;120(4):545-55. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, Green PS, Wilkinson CW, McTiernan A, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):71 9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Radak Z, Zhao Z, Koltai E, Ohno H, Atalay M. Oxygen consumption and usage during physical exercise: the balance between oxidative stress and ROS dependent adaptive signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2013;18(10):1208 46. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- van Praag H, Fleshner M, Schwartz MW, Mattson MP. Exercise, energy intake, glucose homeostasis, and the brain. J Neurosci. 2014;34(46):15139 49. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Gertz K, Priller J, Kronenberg G, Fink KB, Winter B, Schröck H, et al. Physical activity improves long term stroke outcome via endothelial nitric oxide synthase dependent augmentation of neovascularization and cerebral blood flow. Circ Res. 2006;99(10):1132 40. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zoladz JA, Pilc A. The effect of physical activity on the brain derived neurotrophic factor: from animal to human studies. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;61(5):533 41. [PubMed]
- Garuffi M, Costa JLR, Hernández SSS, Vital TM, Stein AM, dos Santos JG, et al. Effects of resistance training on the performance of activities of daily living in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(2):322 8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Burns A, Byrne EJ, Maurer K. Alzheimer's disease. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2009;338(7692):467-71. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Petrovic M, Hurt C, Collins D, Burns A, Camus V, Liperoti R, et al. Clustering of behavioural and psychological symptoms in dementia (BPSD): a European Alzheimer's Disease Consortium (EADC) study. Acta Clin Belg. 2007;62(6):426-32. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Wang XP, Ding HL. Alzheimer's disease: epidemiology, genetics, and beyond. Neurosci Bull. 2008;24(2):105-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cedazo-Mínguez A. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. J Cell Mol Med. 2007;11(6):1227-38. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Vanhanen M, Kivipelto M, Koivisto K, Kuusisto J, Mykkänen L, Helkala EL, et al. APOE-epsilon4 is associated with weight loss in women with AD: a population-based study. Neurology. 2001;56(5):655-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Scheltens P, Blennow K, Breteler MMB, de Strooper B, Frisoni GB, Salloway S, et al. Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 2016;388(10043):505-17. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kelley BJ, Petersen RC. Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(3):577-609. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Samanta MK, Wilson B, Santhi K, Kumar KPS, Suresh B. Alzheimer disease and its management: a review. Am J Ther. 2006;13(6):516-26. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ströhle A, Schmidt DK, Schultz F, Fricke N, Staden T, Hellweg R, et al. Drug and exercise treatment of Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effects on cognition in randomized controlled trials. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;23(12):1234-49. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kumar A, Singh A, Ekavali. A review on Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology and its management: an update. Pharmacol. Rep. 2015;67(2):195-203. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Szeto JYY, Lewis SJG. Current treatment options for Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(4):326-38. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cass SP, DO. Alzheimer's disease and exercise: a literature review. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017;16(1):19-22. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pérez CA, Carral JMC. Benefits of physical exercise for older adults with Alzheimer's disease. Geriatric Nurs. 2008;29(6):384-91. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kramer AF, Bherer L, Colcombe SJ, Dong W, Greenough WT. Environmental influences on cognitive and brain plasticity during aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59(9):40-57. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chapman SB, Aslan S, Spence JS, Defina LF, Keebler MW, Didehbani N, et al. Shorter term aerobic exercise improves brain, cognition, and cardiovascular fitness in aging. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:75. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Farina N, Rusted J, Tabet N. The effect of exercise interventions on cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014;26(1):9-18. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Eggermont L, Swaab D, Luiten P, Scherder E. Exercise, cognition and alzheimer's disease: more is not necessarily better. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2006;30(4):562-75. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- de Melo Coelho FG, Santos-Galduroz RF, Gobbi S, Stella F. [Systematized physical activity and cognitive performance in elderly with Alzheimer's dementia: a systematic review.] Braz J Psychiatry. 2009;31(2):163-70. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Stephen R, Hongisto K, Solomon A, Lönnroos E. Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. The journals of gerontology Series A. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017;72(6):733-9. [PubMed]
- Rao AK, Chou A, Bursley B, Smulofsky J, Jezequel J. Systematic review of the effects of exercise on activities of daily living in people with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Occup Ther. 2014;68(1):50-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(3):239-52. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Mandolesi L, Polverino A, Montuori S, Foti F, Ferraioli G, Sorrentino P, et al. Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: biological and psychological benefits. Front Psychol. 2018;9:509. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Tyndall AV, Clark CM, Anderson TJ, Hogan DB, Hill MD, Longman RS, et al. Protective effects of exercise on cognition and brain health in older adults. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2018;46(4):215-23. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Machado S, de Sá Filho AS, Wilbert M, Barbieri G, Almeida V, Gurgel A, et al. Physical exercise as stabilizer for Alzheimer's disease cognitive decline: current status. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2017;13:181-4. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Poehlman ET, Dvorak RV. Energy expenditure, energy intake, and weight loss in Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):650S-5S. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Honeycutt PH, Ramsey P. Factors contributing to falls in elderly men living in the community. Geriatr Nurs. 2002;23(5):250-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Resnick B. Managing arthritis with exercise. Geriatr Nurs. 2001;22:143-50. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Tinetti ME, McAvay G, Claus E. Does multiple risk factor reduction explain the reduction in fall rate in the Yale FICSIT trial? Frailty and injuries cooperative studies of intervention techniques. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144(4):389-99. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Carral JMC, Pérez CA. Effects of high-intensity combined training on women over 65. Gerontology. 2007;53(6):340-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- de Melo Coelho FG, Andrade LP, Pedroso RV, Santos-Galduroz RF, Gobbi S, Costa JLR, et al. Multimodal exercise intervention improves frontal cognitive functions and gait in Alzheimer's disease: a controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(1):198-203. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Toots A, Wiklund R, Littbrand H, Nordin E, Nordström P, Olsson LL, et al. The effects of exercise on falls in older people with dementia living in nursing homes: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(7):835-42.e1. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kemoun G, Thibaud M, Roumagne N, Carette P, Albi¬net C, Toussaint L, et al. Effects of a physical training programme on cognitive function and walking efficiency in elderly persons with dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2010;29(2):109-14. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Taaffe DR, Irie F, Masaki KH, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, et al. Physical activity, physical function, and incident dementia in elderly men: the Honolulu Asia aging study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(5):529 35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Penninx BWJH, Rejeski WJ, Pandya J, Miller ME, Bari MD, Applegate WB, et al. Exercise and depressive symptoms: a comparison of aerobic and resistance exercise effects on emotional and physical function in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Sos Sci. 2002;57(2):P124-132. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Park S, Jang JS, Jun DW, Hong SM. Exercise enhances insulin and leptin signaling in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus during dexamethasone-induced stress in diabetic rats. Neuroendocrinology. 2005;82(5-6):282-93. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Forbes D, Forbes S, Morgan DG, Markle-Reid M, Wood J, Culum I. Physical activity programs for persons with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;16(3):CD006489. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Knechtle B. [Influence of physical activity on mental well-being and psychiatric disorders.] Praxis (Bern 1994). 2004;93(35):1403-11. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Poehlman ET, Gardner AW, Goran MI. Influence of endurance training on energy intake, norepinephrine kinetics, and metabolic rate in older individuals. Metabolism. 1992;41(9):941-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine-evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25 Suppl 3:1-72. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Larson EB, Wing L. Exercise, aging, and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2004;18(2)54-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Arkin SM. Elder rehab: a student-supervised exercise program for Alzheimer's patients. Gerontologist. 1999;39(6):729-35. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Stella F, Canonici AP, Gobbi S, Galduroz RFS, de Castilho Cação J, Gobbi LTB. Attenuation of neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease by motor intervention: a controlled trial. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(8):1353-60. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Cammisuli DM, Innocenti A, Fusi J, Franzoni F, Pruneti C. Aerobic exercise effects upon cognition in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Ital Biol. 2018;156(1-2):54-63. [PubMed]
- Volkers KM, Scherder EJA. The effect of regular walks on various health aspects in older people with dementia: protocol of a randomized-controlled trial. BMC Geriatr. 2011;11:38. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Yu F, Nelson NW, Savik K, Wyman JF, Dysken M, Bronas UG. Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer's disease. West J of Nurs Res. 2013;35(1):24-38. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
- Rolland Y, van Kan GA, Vellas B. Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease: from prevention to therapeutic perspectives. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008;9(6):390-405. [Crossref] [PubMed]
.: İşlem Listesi