Koronavirüse bağlı iskelet kası ile ilgili görülen semptomlar hem akut koronavirüs hastalığında [coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID19)] hem de akut sonrası sekelinde [post-acute sequelae (PASC)] yaygın olarak görülmektedir. COVID-19 hastalarında yapılan laboratuvar araştırmaları ve farklı ölçüm yöntemleriyle yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucu iskelet kas kayıplarını gösterir niteliktedir. Post-COVID kaynaklı bu kas kayıplarının ve kas hasarının mekanizması ve uzun dönemli sonuçları belirsizdir. Bu derlemede, COVID-19'un neden olduğu iskelet kası ve akut solunum sıkıntısı sendromu, kritik hastalık kas miyopatisi (kas tutulumu) ve viral yorgunluk sendromu gibi diğer fiziksel durumlarda etkilenen hücresel ve moleküler yolakları tartışmayı amaçladık. COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında, şiddetli COVID-19 ve PASC hastalarının iskelet kası zayıflığından ve egzersiz intoleransından muzdarip olduğu gözlemlendi. Histolojik araştırmalara göre oluşan kas hasarı, sitokin fırtınası, yetersiz beslenme, uzun süre inaktivite, yoğun bakımda kalma süresi, mekanik ventilasyon ve ilaç kaynaklı olduğunu gösterdi. Ayrıca sistemik inflamasyon, inaktivite, hipoksemi ve yetersiz beslenme gibi katkıda bulunan diğer faktörler de PASC'de rol oynamaktadır. Ancak PASC ile ilişkili iskelet kası zayıflığı ve egzersiz intoleransı belirsizdir. Ayrıca PASC'deki iskelet kası değişiklikleri ile kronik yorgunluk sendromu arasındaki benzerliklerin daha fazla araştırılması gerekiyor. Sonuç olarak, şiddetli düzeyde bu hastalığı geçiren ve uzun dönem tedavi gören hastalarda, hem akut dönemde hem de uzayan dönemde devam eden bu moleküller, metabolik değişiklikler iskelet kası yapısını değiştirerek kas kuvvet zayıflığına ve egzersiz intoleransına neden olabilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19; post-COVID; iskelet kası inflamasyonu; egzersiz intoleransı
Skeletal muscle-related symptoms associated with coronavirus are common in both acute coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and post-acute sequelae (PASC). As a result of laboratory research and evaluations made with different measurement methods in COVID-19 patients, it proves the loss of skeletal muscle fibrils. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these muscle losses and muscle damage are unclear. We aimed in this review discussed the effect of COVID-19 on the cellular and molecular pathways that are affected in skeletal muscle and other physical conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, critical illness myopathy, and post-viral fatigue syndrome. During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with severe COVID19 and PASC suffer from skeletal muscle weakness and exercise intolerance is observed. Histological studies showed that muscle damage, cytokine storm, malnutrition, long inactivity, length of stay in intensive care, mechanical ventilation and drug-induced. Also, other contributing factors are involved in PASC, such as systemic inflammation, disuse, hypoxaemia, and malnutrition. However, the skeletal muscle weakness and exercise intolerance associated with PASC are uncertain. Also, similarities between skeletal muscle alterations in PASC and chronic fatigue syndrome need to further study. Therefore, it seems, acute COVID-19 and PASC alter skeletal muscle structure of the molecular way and it may cause muscle weakness and exercise intolerance.
Keywords: COVID-19; post-COVID; skeletal muscle inflammation; exercise intolerance
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