Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

.: RESEARCH
Yirminci Yüzyılın İkinci Çeyreğinde Bir Tıbbi Milat, Bir Askerî Koz ve Bir Siyasi Araç Olarak Penisilin
Penicillin as a Medical Milestone, a Military Trump, and a Political Tool in the Second Quarter of the Twentieth Century
Maide BARIŞa, Hakan ERTİNa, M. Kemal TEMELa
aİstanbul Üniversitesi İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik ABD, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2020;28(2):173-87
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2019-71330
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Kimi doğal antibiyotik maddeler insanlar tarafından binlerce yıldır bilinmekteyse de klinikte kullanılan sentetik antibiyotiklerin kullanımı görece yenidir. Birçok antibiyotiği keşfetmesinden dolayı 'antibiyotiklerin babası' olarak anılan Selman A. Waksman'ca 'canlı mikroorganizmalar tarafından üretilen ve bakterileri inhibe ve hatta imha etme kapasitesi olan madde[ler]' şeklinde tanımlanan drogların klinik kullanım ve endüstriyel üretimi XX. yüzyılda başlamıştır. Bu retrospektif çalışmada elde edilen bulgular üç ana bölüme ayrılmıştır. İlk bölümde, penisilinin keşfinden önceki, özellikle de XIX. ve erken XX. yüzyıldaki antimikrobiyal çalışmalar kısaca incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, XX. yüzyılın 'en çok hayat kurtaran' buluşu addedilen antibiyotiklerin ilk örneği olan penisilinin Alexander Fleming tarafından in vitro keşfi, Oxford'daki bilim adamlarının katkıları, hayvanlar ve nihayet insanlar üzerindeki ilk topikal ve sistemik in vivo tatbikleri, daha sonra ABD'ye taşınarak endüstrileştirilmesi süreci, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında askerî bir koz ve siyasi bir araç olarak gayritıbbi istimalleri ve savaşın bitiminden sonra, 1925-1950 yılları arasında, dünya genelinde klinik kullanıma girişi, Avrupa ve ABD'de kaydedilen safahata dair genel uluslararası literatür taranarak aktarılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde ise penisilinin Türkiye'ye geliş süreci ve ilk yerli kullanım örnekleri ulusal bilimsel yayınlar ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Penisilinin topluma yansıyışı ise dönemin gazete haberlerinin ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Tartışma bölümünde ise mevcut tıbbi paradigmaya önemli etkileri olan bu buluş, II. Dünya Savaşı ve hemen sonrasında gerçekleştirilen bazı deneysel çalışmalardaki etik ihlallerin nesnesi olarak değerlendirilmeye alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Antibiyotik; antibiyotiklerin tarihi; II. Dünya Savaşı; penisilin; tıp tarihi
ABSTRACT
 Although certain natural antibiotic substances have been known to humans for millennia, it was not until the twentieth century that humanity saw the clinical use and industrial production of drugs described by Selman A. Waksman, 'the father of antibiotics,' as 'chemical substance[s] produced by microorganisms, which ha[ve] the capacity to inhibit the growth of and even to destroy bacteria.' This retrospective study separates its findings into three subsections. Firstly, it examined the pre-penicillin era and essential antimicrobial studies through 19th to early 20th centuries. Secondly, it reviewed the historical facts of penicillin, the first example of the antibiotics declared 'the most life-saving invention' of the twentieth century, with a focus on its in vitro discovery by Alexander Fleming, first in vivo topical and systemic applications in animals and ultimately humans made possible by contributions of scientists in Oxford, its journey to the US and process of industrialization, nonmedical uses as a military trump and a political tool during World War II, and post-war introduction into worldwide clinical use between the years 1925 and 1950. The developments achieved in Europe and the US were revisited through international publications. Thirdly, while the first instances of domestic penicillin use were discussed in light of the Turkish scientific literature; journalistic articles of national newspapers were examined to evaluate how it was reflected socially. In the discussion part, penicillin, the drug that its discovery has noticeably affected the existing medical paradigm, will be taken into examination as an object of ethical violations of some studies during and after II World War.

Keywords: Antibiotics; history of antibiotics; World War II; penicillin; history of medicine
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Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

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