Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Yerli ve Yabancı Hastalarda Hepatit C Virüs Genotip Dağılımının Değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype Distribution in Domestic and Foreign Patients
Nagehan Didem SARIa, Aysel KARATAŞa, Ayşe İNCİa, Gülşen YÖRÜKa
aİstanbul Eğitim Araştırma Hastanesi Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Kliniği, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2020;40(2):148-53
doi: 10.5336/medsci.2020-73737
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Amaç: Hepatit C virüsü (HCV) enfeksiyonu, genellikle asemptomatik enfeksiyon oluşturmasına rağmen %85'lere varan kronikleşme oranı, karaciğer sirozu ve hepatoselüler karsinomunun en önemli sebeplerinden olması, etkin bir aşısının olmaması nedeni ile önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Genotiplerin belirlenmesi HCV'nin epidemiyolojik verilerin toplanmasında, antiviral tedavinin şekillendirilmesinde ve prognozunun ön görülmesinde önem taşımaktadır. Hastanemiz farklı uyruktan hastaların sıkça başvurduğu oldukça geniş bir bölgeye hizmet etmektedir. Bu çalışmada, hastanemizde HCV ile enfekte Türk ve yabancı uyruklu hastalarda HCV genotip farklılıklarının ve bu durumun yıllara göre dağılımının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Retrospektif, tek merkezli gözlemsel olan bu çalışmada Ocak 2012-Aralık 2019 tarihleri arasında HCV RNA'sı pozitif, genotiplendirmesi yapılmış hastalar değerlendirmeye alındı. Hastaların demografik özellikleri, başvuru tarihleri, ırk ve HCV genotipleri hastane bilgi sistemi üzerinden bulunarak kaydedildi. Bulgular: Ocak 2012-Aralık 2019 tarihleri arasında HCV RNA'sı >1.000 IU/mL olan 413 hasta değerlendirilmeye alındı. Hastaların %51,33'ü erkek, ortalama yaş 54,38±16,28 yıldı. Genel genotip dağılımı incelendiğinde ilk sırada genotip (GT)1'in %78,69, ardından GT3 ve GT2, GT4 gelmektedir. Sonuç: Yabancılara tedavi verilememesi ve sığınmacıların kontrolünün sağlanamaması durumunda gelecek yıllarda HCV genotiplerin epidemiyolojinin değişebileceğini düşünmekteyiz.

Anahtar Kelimeler: HCV; genotip; sığınmacılar
ABSTRACT
 Objective: Although hepatitis C virüs (HCV) infection is usually asymptomatic, it is an important public health problem because of its chronicity rate up to 85%, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma being the most important causes and lack of an effective vaccine. It is important to collect epidemiological data of HCV, to determine the genotype in planning antiviral therapy and to determine prognosis. Our hospital serves a wide area where patients from different nationalities frequently apply. The aim of this study was to determine HCV genotype differences and the distribution of HCV genotypes in Turkish and foreign patients infected with HCV in our hospital. Material and Methods: In this retrospective, singlecenter observational study, patients with positive HCV RNA and genotyping were evaluated. The demographic characteristics, admission dates, race and HCV genotypes of the patients were determined through the hospital information system. Results: Between January 2012-December 2019, 413 patients with HCV RNA> 1.000 IU/mL were included in the study. While 51.33% of the patients were male, the average age was 54.38±16.28 years, When the general genotype distribution was examined, it was found that genotype (GT)1 was 78.69%, followed by GT3, GT2 and GT4. Conclusion: However, we think that the epidemiology of HCV genotypes may change in the coming years if treatment is not provided to foreigners and the control of immigrant is not achieved.

Keywords: HCV; genotypes; immigrants
REFERENCES:
  1. Shepard CW, Finelli L, Alter MJ. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5(9):558-67. [Crossref] 
  2. Alter MJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(17):2436-41. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  3. Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seff LB; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology. 2009;49(4):1335-74. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  4. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Hepatitis Report 2017. Geneva: WHO; 2017. p.62. http://www. who.int/hepatitis/publications/global-hepatitis-report2017/en/.
  5. Simmonds P, Bukh J, Combet C, Deléage G, Enomoto N, Feinstone S, et al. Consensus proposals for a unified system of nomenclature of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology. 2005;42(4):962-73. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  6. Hnatyszyn HJ. Chronic hepatitis C and genotyping: the clinical significance of determining HCV genotypes. Antivir Ther. 2005;10(1):1-11.
  7. Kayman T, Karakükçü Ç, Karaman A, Gözütok F. [Genotypic distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Kayseri region]. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2012;42(1):21-6.
  8. Tezcan S, Ulger M, Aslan G, Yaraş S, Altıntaş E, Sezgin O, et al. [Determination of hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in Mersin province, Turkey]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(2):332-8. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  9. Aktaş O, Özbek A, Aydın H, Özkülekci MB. Distribution of HCV genotypes in patients of with chronic hepatitis C in the Eastern Anatolia region. Viral Hepatitis Journal. 2014;20:91-4. [Crossref] 
  10. Saglik İ, Mutlu D, Öngut G, İnan D, Öğünç D, Can Sarinoğlu R, et al. [Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes among patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in Akdeniz University Hospital, Antalya, Turkey: a fiveyear evaluation]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014;48(3):429-37. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  11. Kirdar S, Aydin N, Tiryaki Y, Ertugrul B, Coskun A, Bilgen M. Dynamics of HCV epidemiology in Aydin province of Turkey and the associated factors. APMIS. 2018;126(2):109-13. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  12. Us T, Kasifoglu N, Aslan FG, Aslan M, Akgun Y, Durmaz G. The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in the Eskisehir Region of Turkey. J Clin Anal Med. 2016;1:1-4. [Crossref] 
  13. Selek MB, Baylan O, Karagöz E, Özyurt M. Changes in hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in chronic hepatitis C infection patients. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018;36(3):416-21. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  14. Karabulut N, Alacam S, Yolcu A, Onel M, Agacfidan A. Distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in Istanbul, Turkey. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018;36(2):192-6. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  15. Buruk CK, Bayramoğlu G, Reis A, Kaklıkkaya N, Tosun I, Aydın F. [Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes among hepatitis C patients in Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(4):650-7. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  16. Karslıgil T, Savaş E, Savaş MC. [Genotype distribution and 5'UTR nucleotide changes in hepatitis C virus]. Balkan Med J. 2011;28:232-6.
  17. Öztürk AB, Doğan ÜB, Öztürk NA, Özyazıcı G, Demir M, Akın MS, et al. Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Adana and Antakya regions of Turkey. Turk J Med Sci. 2014;44(4):661-5. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  18. Caliskan A, Kirisci O, Ozkaya E, Ozden S, Tumer S, Caglar S, et al. Distribution and predominance of genotype 3 in hepatitis C virus carriers in the province of Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Hepat Mon. 2015;15(4):e25142. [Crossref] 
  19. Altuğlu I, Sertöz R, Aksoy A, Gürsel D, Tüzüner U, Günşar F. Possible transmission risks and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Western Turkey. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2013;24(4):349-55. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  20. Tüzüner U, Saran Gülcen B, Özdemir M, Feyzioğlu B, Baykan M. Seven-year genotype distribution among hepatitis C patients in a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Viral Hepatitis Journal. 2018;24(1):12-7. [Crossref] 
  21. Duran AÇ, Kibar F, Çetiner S, Yaman A. [Determination of hepatitis C virus genotype and HCV infection transmission routes in Cukurova University Medical Faculty Hospital]. Turk Hij Den Biyol Derg. 2017;74(3):201-10. [Crossref] 
  22. Memon MI, Memon MA. Hepatitis C: an epidemiological rewiew. J Vital Hepat. 2002;9(2):84-100. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  23. Petruzziello A, Marigliano S, Loquercio G, Cacciapuoti C. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes distribution: an epidemiological up-date in Europe. Infect Agent Cancer. 2016;11:53. [Crossref]  [PubMed]  [PMC] 
  24. Robaeys G, Bielen R, Azar DG, Razavi H, Nevens F. Global genotype distribution of hepatitis C viral infection among people who inject drugs. J Hepatol. 2016;65(6):1094-103. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  25. Cirit OS, Uzala Mızraklı A, Vurupalmaz Y, Gümüş HH, Özturhan H, Barış A. Genotyping distribution of hepatitis C virus in Şanlıurfa province and effect of Syrian patients. Viral Hepat J. 2019;25(2):62-6. [Crossref] 
  26. Welzel TM, Bhardwaj N, Hedskog C, Chodavarapu K, Camus G, McNally J, et al. Global epidemiology of HCV subtypes and resistance-associated substitutions evaluated by sequencing-based subtype analyses. J Hepatol. 2017;67(2):224-36. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  27. Kartashev V, Döring M, Nieto L, Coletta E, Kaiser R, Sierra S, et al. New findings in HCV genotype distribution in selected West European, Russian and Israeli regions. J Clin Virol. 2016;81:82-9. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  28. Çekin Y, Gür N, Çekin AH, Altuğlu İ, Yazan Sertöz R. [Investigation of HCV genotype distribution in patient in patients with chronic hepatitis C infections in Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Turkey]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014;48(3):484-90. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 
  29. Borcak D, Çağır Ü, Yalçıner A. Distribution of hepatitis C virüs genotypes and their association with serum alanine aminotransferases and quantitive serum HCV RNA levels. Ankem Derg. 2015;29:36-40. [Crossref] 
  30. Çizmeci Z. [The distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis c infection]. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2016;46(1):27-32. [Crossref] 
  31. Kaya S, Afşar İ, Aksoy Gökmen A, Şener AG, Sayıner A. Evaluation of hepatitis C virus genotype results in İzmir Atatürk Training and Research Hospital. Viral Hepat J. 2019;25(2):59-61. [Crossref] 
  32. Backus LI, Belperio PS, Shahoumian TA, Mole LA. Impact of sustained virologic response with direct-acting antiviral treatment on mor tality in patients with advanced liver disease. Hepatology. 2019;69(2):487-97. [Crossref]  [PubMed] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com