Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences

.: REVIEW
Uluslararası Ceza Yargısının Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Cinsel Suçların Unsurları ile İspat Kuralları Düzenlenmeleri Üzerine Geleneksel Derleme
A Traditional Review on the Historical Development of International Criminal Jurisdiction and the Regulations of the Elements of Sexual Crimes and the Rules of Proof
Ebru ÇETİNa , Nergis CANTÜRKa
aAnkara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Disiplinlerarası Adli Bilimler ABD, Ankara, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Foren Sci Leg Med. 2024;21(1):43-52
doi: 10.5336/forensic.2023-99473
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Savaş suçlularının ve insanlık dışı eylemlerde bulunanların cezasız kalmaması ve yargılanması için 1945-1993-1994 yıllarında ad hoc mahkemeler kurulmuştur. Ad hoc mahkemeler adil yargılanma hakkının ihlaline neden olmuş, kanunilik ve tabii hâkim ilkelerinin gereklerini karşılayamamıştır. Bu nedenlerle 1998'de imzaya açılmış ve 2002'de yürürlüğe girmiş Roma Statüsü ile Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi kurulmuştur. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi daimi bir mahkemedir. Savaş suçları, insanlığa karşı suçlar, soykırım suçları ve saldırı suçları Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nin yargı yetkisi kapsamındadır. Silahlı çatışmalar sırasında gerçekleştirilen cinsel suçlar ad hoc mahkemelerin yargılama konuları yapılsa da yargılamalara ilişkin ispat ve usul kuralları ile suçların unsurlarının belirlenmesi hâkim takdirine bırakılmış konular olarak kalmıştır. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi tarafından yapılacak yargılamaların usul ve ispat kuralları ile suçların unsurları Roma Statüsü dışında başka belgelerle düzenlenmiştir. 09.09.2002 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren Usul ve Delil Kuralları Belgesi ve Suç Unsurları Belgesi ile ceza yargılamasının evrensel kurallarından olan kanunilik ilkesinin sağlanması konusunda olumlu gelişme sağlanmıştır. Usul ve Delil Kuralları Belgesi ile Suç Unsurları Belgesi ile cinsel suçlara özel düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bu düzenlemeler ışığında delillerin tespit edilmesi, toplanması, yorumlanarak hüküm kurulması gerekmektedir. Cinsel suçların unsurlarının belirlenmesi ile usul ve ispat kurallarının belirlenmesi ayrıca yargılamada hükme esas alınabilecek nitelikte delillerin tespit edilmesi ve toplanması sırasında göz önünde bulundurulması açısından oldukça önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi; cinsel suçlar; usul ve delil kuralları belgesi; suç unsurları belgesi
ABSTRACT
 Ad hoc courts were established in 1945-1993-1994 to punish and who prosecute war criminals and inhuman acts. Ad hoc courts have violated right to a fair trial and failed to meet requirements of legality and natural judge principles. therefore, the International Criminal Court was established with Rome Statute, which was opened for signature in 1998 and entered into force in 2002. The International Criminal Court is permanent court. War crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide and aggression fall within jurisdiction of International Criminal Court. Even sexual crimes committed during armed conflicts were subjects of ad hoc courts, proof and procedural rules regarding proceedings and determination elements of crimes remained as matters left to discretion of judge. The procedural and evidential rules of proceedings to be held by International Criminal Court and the elements of crimes are regulated by documents other than the Rome Statute. With Rules of Procedure and Evidence and Element Crime, which entered into force on 09.09.2002 positive progress has been achieved in ensuring principle legality, which is universal rules of criminal proceedings. Special regulations have been made for sexual crimes with Procedure and Evidence Rules Document and Crime Elements Document. In the light these regulations, evidence must be identified, collected, interpreted and a verdict made. It's very important to determine elements of sexual crimes and to determine rules of procedure and proof, as well as to determine evidence that can be taken as a basis for judgment and to be taken into account during collection.

Keywords: International Criminal Court; sexual crimes; rules of procedure and evidence; crime elements document
REFERENCES:
  1. Yenisey F. Milletlerarası Ceza Hukuku. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık; 1988.
  2. Odman T. Eski Yugoslavya ile ilgili uluslararası ceza mahkemesinin kuruluşu ve yasal dayanağı [Establishment and legal basis of the international criminal tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 1996;45(1)131-51. [Crossref] 
  3. Ulusoy O. Mahkemenin Kuruluşu-Roma Statüsü. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi. Kılınç U, editör. 1. Baskı. İzmir: Etki Yayıncılık; 2008. p.10-27.
  4. Burns PT. Aspect of Crimes Against Humanity and the International Criminal Court. Canada: International Centre For Criminal Law Reform And Criminal Justice Policy; 2007. Cited: February 25, 2023. Available from: [Link] 
  5. Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907. Cited: February 26, 2023. Available from: [Link] 
  6. Human Rights Library [Internet]. [Cited: February 28, 2023]. Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis, and Charter of the International Military Tribunal, London, 8 August 1945. Available from: [Link] 
  7. Parlak TM 2015. Galiplerin adaleti: Nürnberg ve Tokyo Askeri Ceza Mahkemeleri [Justice of the winners: Nuremberg and Tokyo International Military Tribunals]. ABMYO Dergisi. 2015;37:137-53. [Link] 
  8. Carter LE, Fincan M. 2021 yılında Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi [International Criminal Court in 2021]. Küresel Bakış Çeviri Hukuk Dergisi. 2017;7(22):119-31. [Link] 
  9. Azarkan E. Uluslararası ceza mahkemelerinde savaş suçları [War crimes in international criminal courts]. Hukuk ve Adalet, Eleştirel Hukuk Dergisi. 2004;1(1):53-76. [Link] 
  10. Bozkurt MU. Uluslararası ceza hukuku ilkeleri kapsamında ad hoc uluslararası ceza mahkemelerine yönelik eleştiriler ve uluslararası ceza mahkemesi [Criticisms on ad hoc international criminal tribunals within the context of international criminal law and the international criminal court]. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi. 2010;6(11):73-91. [Link] 
  11. Ormanoğlu HD. Modern devletin bir unsuru olarak egemenlik ve uluslararası ceza mahkemesi [Sovereignty and international criminal court, as a constituent of the modern state]. İnÜHFD. 2018;9(1):245-74. [Crossref] 
  12. Poyraz Y, Önen ÖV. Uluslararası ceza yargısının gelişiminde Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesinin rolü [The role of international criminal court in the development of International Criminal Jurisdiction]. YBHD. 2019;(1):187-222. [Crossref] 
  13. Yavuz HA. Bir savaş suçu olarak kültürel miras niteliğindeki eserlere yönelik saldırı eylemi Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nin Al Mahdi kararı üzerine bir inceleme [Attacking against cultural heritages as a war crime a review on the judgement of Al Mahdi case by the International Criminal Court]. Ankara Barosu Dergisi. 2017;75(3):161-96. [Crossref] 
  14. Güneş N. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nin Libya soruşturması [Yüksek lisan tezi]. İstanbul: İbn Haldun Üniversitesi; 2022. [Erişim tarihi: 28.02.2024]. Erişim linki: [Link] 
  15. Sarıgül H. Uluslararası ceza mahkemesi [International criminal court]. Uyuşmazlık Dergisi. 2013;3:230-73. [Link] 
  16. Gül YE. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi ve insan haklarına katkıları [International Criminal Court and its contributions to human rights]. IBAD. 2018;3(1):293-303. [Crossref] 
  17. Şen E. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık; 2009. p.75.
  18. Dalar M. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'ne yönelik eleştirilerin değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of criticism of International Criminal Court]. ASBİ. 2017;17(2):153-65. [Link] 
  19. Özkan A. 21. yüzyılda evrensel bir yargı kuruluşu olarak uluslararası ceza mahkemesi: usul kuralları, yargılamalar ve uluslararası suçlar [The international criminal court as a universal judicial institution in the 21st century: rules of procedure, judgements and international crimes]. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;12:175-95. [Crossref] 
  20. International Criminal Court. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Netherlands: International Criminal Court; 1998. Cited: February 25, 2023. Available from: [Link] 
  21. Dış İlişkiler ve Avrupa Birliği Genel Müdürlüğü. [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi: 01 Şubat 2023]. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi (UCM). Erişim linki: [Link] 
  22. Karzaoğlu P, Çatı MO. İnşacılık yaklaşımı ve kavramsal tartışmalar çerçevesinde Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi [The International Criminal Court in the light of constructivism and conceptual debates]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2021;23(1):391-417. [Crossref] 
  23. Zorlu SE. Uluslararası ceza mahkemesinin kuruluşunda tarihsel süreç ve BM Güvenlik Konseyinin uluslararası ceza mahkemesinin işleyişi üzerindeki yetkileri [The historical process in the establishment of the international criminal court and the authorities of the un security council on the international criminal court's functioning]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;24 (2):111-50. [Crossref] 
  24. Final Act of the International Peace Conference The Hague, 29 July 1899. 1899. Cited: February 25, 2023. Available from: [Link] 
  25. Kurşun G. 101 Soruda Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: İnsan Hakları Gündemi Derneği; 2011.
  26. Emir N. Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nin yargı yetkisi bakımından saldırı suçu [The crime of aggression in terms of the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court]. AndHD. 2015;1(2):118-43. [Link] 
  27. Acer Y. Uluslararası hukukta saldırı suçu kavramının temel unsurları: tanım çalışmaları ve yansımalar [The fundamentals of the concept of the crime of aggression in international law: efforts to define and the reflections]. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika. 2005;3:15-42. [Link] 
  28. International Criminal Court. Rules of Procedure and Evidence. 2nd ed. The Netherlands: International Criminal Court; 2013. Cited: June 20, 2023. Available from: [Link] 
  29. International Criminal Court. Element of Crimes. 2002. Cited: June 20, 2023. Available from: [Link] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com