Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

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Tıp Tarihinde Aşılamayla İlgili Yaşanan Trajedilere Etik Açıdan Bakış ve Bu Trajedilerin Sonuçları: Geleneksel Derleme
An Ethical Perspective on the Experienced Tragedies of Vaccination in the History of Medicine and the Consequences of These Tragedies: Traditional Review
Merve ERDEMa
aİstanbul Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, (Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences), Tıp Tarihi ve Etik Bölümü, İstanbul, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2022;30(3):306-17
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2021-87439
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Nice hayatların yok olmasına sebep olmuş salgınların önünü kesen, tıp tarihinin en büyük gelişmelerinden biri olan aşının tarihi modern anlamda XVIII. yy'da Edward Jenner'a dayanmaktadır. İlk modern aşı da çiçek hastalığına karşı geliştirilmiş ve çiçek hastalığı aşı sayesinde dünyadan eradike edilmiştir. Aşıların gelişimi, sürekliliğini devam ettirmiş ve aşı ile bağışıklama sonucu hastalıkların birçoğu artık çocukluk çağı hastalığı hâline gelmiştir. Ancak geçmişte aşının ehil ellerde olmayışı bazı bedeller ödetmiştir. 1929-1933 tarihleri arasında Almanya'nın Lübeck şehrinde, 1928 yılında Avustralya'nın Bundaberg şehirlerinde yaşanan aşı kazaları ile Nazi Almanya'sındaki toplama kamplarında yapılan tifüs aşısı deneyleri ve 1954 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde (ABD) meydana gelen Cutter kazası bunlara örnektir. Bu tip hataların faturası aşıya kesilmiş, güven sarsıldığı için aşılama kampanyaları sekteye uğramış, sonucunda da salgınlar tekrar ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak bu yaşananlardan ders çıkarılıp aşı güvenliği ile ilgili prosedürlerin geliştirilmesine rağmen yakın zamanda ABD'de, Kanada'da, Suriye'de ve Almanya'da benzer olaylar yaşanmıştır. Hayat kurtarıcı rolü olan aşıların üretimi, saklanması, uygulanması oldukça titiz olmayı gerektiren süreçlerdir. Geçmişte yaşanan bu kazalar geleceğe aşının bilimsel ve biyomedikal etik bakımından ne kadar hassas ve önemli olduğuna dair ışık tutsa da dünyada yakın zamanda hâlâ aşılarla ilgili tıbbi ve etik olarak sorunlu davranışların varlığı dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yaşanan aşı trajedileri önlem adına ne gibi sonuçlar doğurmuş ve hangi etik ihlallerde bulunulmuş olduğu belirtilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Aşı kazaları; aşı trajedisi; aşı tarihi; biyomedikal etik; tıp tarihi
ABSTRACT
 Being one of the biggest inventions of the history of medicine and halting endemics which cause numerous life losses, vaccine its modern manner dates back to Edward Jenner in the 18th century. The first modern vaccine was developed against smallpox, and smallpox was eradicated from the world through the vaccine. The development of vaccines has continued and many diseases have been turned into childhood diseases by vaccines. However, it is very costly if the vaccine is not in competent hands. The vaccine accidents which occurred in Lübeck, Germany between 1929-1933 years, Bundaberg, Australia in 1928 likewise the typhus trials in concentration camps in Nazi Germany and the Cutter accident which took place in the United States (USA) in 1954 are some examples of these. Since the trust was harmed, in the aftermath of these accidents, vaccine trials and campaigns were interrupted, therefore, epidemics re-occurred. Despite the learned lessons and improved procedures on vaccine safety, there have been similar incidents in USA and Canada, Syrian and Germany. Production, application, and storage of vaccines having a life-saving role are processes that require extreme caution. Although these former incidents put a light on the future of the importance of vaccines' scientific and biomedical ethics, there have been medical and ethical wrongdoings in the world. In this study, it will be stated what kind of results the vaccine tragedies caused in the name of prevention and which ethical violations were made

Keywords: Vaccine accidents; vaccine tragedy; vaccination history; biomedical ethics; history of medicine
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