Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences

.: ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Temperamental Characteristics of Children Who Stutter and ChildrenWho Recovered Stuttering Spontaneously
Kekeleyen ve Kekemeliği Spontan İyileşen Çocuklarin Mizaç Özellikleri
Ayşe AYDIN UYSALa, Ramazan Sertan ÖZDEMİRb
aDepartment of Special Education, Kocaeli University Faculty of Education, Kocaeli, TURKEY
bDepartment of Speech and Language Therapy, Medipol University, Faculty of Health Sciences, İstanbul, TURKEY
Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci. 2019;4(2):117-31
doi: 10.5336/healthsci.2019-65738
Article Language: EN
Full Text
ABSTRACT
 Objective: The aim of this study is to compare temperamental differences between children who stutter (CWS), children who recovered stuttering spontaneously (CWRSS) and their age and sex matched children with typical development (CWTD). Material and Methods: The sample consisted of 65 CWS, 65 CWTD and 20 CWRSS cases. Turkish adaptation of the Child Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ) was administered to all of the participants. In order to indicate the differences among groups in terms of temperament subtests, one-way analysis of variance was conducted. Results: The basic group effect was significant between Approach/Positive Participation, Focusing Attention, Shyness, Frustration Control, Effortful Control and Negative Affectivity subtest scores. When compared in terms of the subscales of the CBQ, the self-recovering group had significantly higher scores than the CWS in the 'Effortful Control' subscale, while achieving significantly lower scores on the 'Negative Affectivity' subscale. Stuttering individuals received significantly lower scores than the self-recovering group in the 'Frustration Control' subtest. There was no statistically significant difference between the severity of stuttering and all of the subscales of CBQ. There was also no statistically significant difference between age and other subscales of CBQ except 'Smiling and Laughter' subtest. Conclusion: Higher scores in Negative Affectivity and lower scores in 'Effortful Control' is thought to be a risk factor for chronicity in stuttering.

Keywords: Stuttering; temperament; child
ÖZET
 Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı kekeleyen, kekemeliği kendiliğinden iyileşen ve yaş ile cinsiyetleri eşleştirilmiş tipik gelişim gösteren çocukların mizaç özelliklerini karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Katılımcılar 65 kekeleyen, yaş ve cinsiyetleri eşleştirilmiş 65 tipik gelişim gösteren ve 20 kekemeliği kendiliğinden iyileşen çocuktan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların mizaç özelliklerini ölçmek için Çocuk Davranış Listesi Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Gruplararası farklılıkları belirlemek amacıyla t-testi ve ANOVA analizleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Temel grup etkisi Çocuk Davranış Listesi'nin alt boyutları açısından incelendiğinde, Yaklaşım/Olumlu Katılım, Dikkati Odaklama, Utangaçlık, Engellenme Denetimi, Çabalı Kontrol ve Olumsuz Duygulanım alt test skorlarında anlamlı bulunmuştur. Kekemeliği kendiliğinden iyileşen grubun kekemeliği devam eden gruba göre 'Çabalı Kontrol' alt testinden daha yüksek skorlar alırken 'Olumsuz Duygulanım' alt testinden anlamlı ölçüde daha düşük skorlar aldıkları görülmüştür. Kekeleyen bireyler 'Engellenme Denetimi' alt testinde tipik gelişim gösteren ve kekemeliği kendiliğinden iyileşen gruplara göre anlamlı düzeyde daha düşük skorlar elde etmişlerdir. Kekemelik şiddeti ile Çocuk Davranış Listesi alt test skorları arasında bir korelasyon bulunamamış; yaş ile Çocuk Davranış Listesi alt testleri arasında ise 'Gülümseme ve Kahkaha' alt testi skoru dışında herhangi bir korelasyon bulgusuna ulaşılamamıştır. Sonuç: Olumsuz duygulanım ve bu duyguları kontrol etme yetisinin kekemeliğin kronik bir seyir izlemesinde risk faktörü olabileceği bulgularına ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kekemelik; mizaç; çocuk
REFERENCES:
  1. Van Riper C. The Nature of Stuttering. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1992. p.279-95.
  2. Smith A, Kelly E. Stuttering: a dynamic, multifactorial model. In: Curlee RF, Siegel GM, eds. Nature and Treatment of Stuttering: New Directions. 2nd ed. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon, Massachusetts; 1997. p.204-17.
  3. Zebrowski PM, Conture EG. Influence of nontreatment variables on treatment effectiveness for school-age children who stutter. In: Cordes, AK, Ingham RJ, eds. Treatment Efficacy for Stuttering: A Search for Empirical Bases. 1st ed. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group; 1998. p.293-310.
  4. Riley GD, Riley J. A revised component model for diagnosing and treating children who stutter. Contemp Issues Commun Sci Disord. 2000;27:188-99.
  5. Conture EG, Walden TA, Arnold HS, Graham CG, Hartfield KN, Karrass J. A communication-emotional model of stuttering. In: Ratner NB, tetnowski JA, eds. Current Issues in Stuttering Research and Practice. 1st ed. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2006. p.17-46.
  6. Walden TA, Frankel CB, Buhr AP, Johnson KN, Conture EG, Karrass JM, et al. Dual diathesis-stressor model of emotional and linguistic contributions to developmental stuttering. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40(4): 633-44. [Crossref ] [PubMed] [PMC]
  7. Rothbart, MK, Derryberry, P. Development of individual differences in temperament. In: Lamb ME, Brown A, eds. Advances in Developmental Psychology. 1 st ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associastes; 1981. p.3786.
  8. Anderson JD, Pellowski MW, Conture EG, Kelly EM. Temperamental characteristics of young children who stutter. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003;46(5):1221-33. [Crossref ]
  9. Karrass J, Walden TA, Conture EG, Graham CG, Arnold HS, Hartfield KN, et al. Relation of emotional reactivity and regulation to childhood stuttering. J Commun Disord. 2006;39(6):402-23. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  10. Walden TA, Frankel CB, Buhr AP, Johnson KN, Conture EG, Karrass JM. Dual diathesisstressor model of emotional and linguistic contributions to developmental stuttering. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40(4):633-44. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  11. Eggers K, De Nil LF, Van den Bergh BR. Temperament dimensions in stuttering and typically developing children. J Fluency Disord. 2010;35(4):355-72. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  12. Howell P, Davis S, Patel H, Cuniffe P, Downing-Wilson D, Au-Yeung J, et. al. Fluency development and temperament in fluent children and children who stutter. In: Packman A, Meltzer A, Peters HFM, eds. Theory, Research and Therapy in Fluency Disorders. Nijmegen: Nijmegen University Press; 2004. p.250-6.
  13. Kefalianos E, Onslow M, Ukoumunne O, Block S, Reilly S. Stuttering, temperament, and anxiety: data from a community cohort ages 2-4 years. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2014;57(4): 1314-22. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  14. Lewis KE, Goldberg LL. Measurement of temperament in the identification of children who stutter. Eur J Disord Commun. 1997; 32(4):441-8. [Crossref ]
  15. Schwenk KA, Conture EG, Walden TA. Reaction to background stimulation of preschool children who do and do not stutter. J Commun Disord. 2007;40(2):129-41. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  16. Arnold HS, Conture EG, Key AP, Walden T. Emotional reactivity, regulation, and childhood stuttering: a behavioral and electrophysiological study. J Commun Disord. 2011;44(3):276-93. [Crossref ] [PubMed] [PMC]
  17. Kazenski DM, Guitar B, McCauley RJ, Falls W, Dutko LS. Stuttering severity and responses to social-communicative challenge in preschool-age children who stutter. Asia Pac J Speech Lang Hear. 2014;17(3):142-52. [Crossref]
  18. Erermiş S, Bellibaş E, Ozbaran B, Büküşoğu ND, Altintoprak E, Bildik T, et al. Temperamental characteristics of mothers of preschoolers who have seperation anxiety. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2009;20(1):1421.
  19. Putnam SP, Rothbart MK. Development of short and very short forms of the childre?s behavior questionnaire. J Pers Assess. 2006; 87(1):102-12. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  20. Sarı BA, İşeri E, Yalçın Ö, Aslan AA, Şener Ş. [Reliability study of Turkish version of children?s behavior questionnaire short form and d validitiy prestudy]. Klin Psikiyatr Derg.2012;15:135-43.
  21. Büyüköztürk Ş. Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi. 4. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Yayınevi; 2014. p.39-77.
  22. Braun AR, Varga M, Stager S, Schulz G, Selbie S, Maisog JM, et al. Altered patterns of cerebral activity during speech and language production in developmental stuttering: an H2(15)O positron emission tomography study. Brain. 1997;120(Pt 5):761-84. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  23. Ludlow CL, Loucks T. Stuttering: a dynamic motor control disorder. J Fluency Disord. 2003;28(4):273-95. [Crossref ]
  24. Alm PA. Stuttering, emotions, and heart rate during anticipatory anxiety: a critical review. J Fluency Disord. 2004;29(2):123-33. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  25. Watkins KE, Smith SM, Davis S, Howell P. Structural and functional abnormalities of the motor system in developmental stuttering. Brain. 2007;131(Pt 1):50-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  26. Seiss E, Praamstra P. The basal ganglia and inhibitory mechanisms in response selection: evidence from subliminal priming of motor responses in Parkinson?s disease. Brain. 2004;127(Pt 2):330-9. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  27. Blood G, Blood I, Tellis G, Gabel R. Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence in adolescents who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2001;26(3):1618. [Crossref ]
  28. Mulcahy K, Hennessey N, Beilby J, Byrnes M. Social anxiety and the severity and typography of stuttering in adolescents. J Fluency Disord. 2008;33(4):306-19. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  29. Vanryckeghem M, Hylebos C, Brutten GJ, Peleman M. The relationship between communication attitude and emotion of children who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2001;26:1-15. [Crossref]
  30. Erikson S, Block S. The social and communication impact of stuttering on adolescents and their families. J Fluency Disord. 2013;38(4): 311-24. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  31. De Nil BF, Brutten GJ. Speech-associated attitudes of stuttering and nonstuttering children. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1991;34(1):60-6. [Crossref]
  32. Ezrati-Vinacour R, Levin I. The relationship between anxiety and stuttering: a multidimensional approach. J Fluency Disord. 2004; 29(2):135-48. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  33. Messenger M, Onslow M, Packman A, Menzies R. Social anxiety in stuttering: measuring negative social expectancies. J Fluency Disord. 2004;29(3):201-12. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  34. Blomgren M, Roy N, Callister T, Merrill R. Intensive stuttering modification therapy: a multidimensional assessment of treatment outcomes. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2005;48(3): 509-23. [Crossref ]
  35. Guitar B. Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p.105-37.
  36. Karrass J, Walden TA, Conture EG, Graham CG, Arnold HS, Hartfield KN, et al. [Relation of emotional reactivity and regulation to childhood stuttering. J Commun Disord. 2006; 39(6):402-23. [Crossref ] [PubMed] [PMC]
  37. Bosshardt H. [Cognitive processing load as a determinant of stuttering: Summary of a research programme]. Clin Linguist Phon. 2006;20(5):371-85. [Crossref ] [ PubMed]
  38. Berger A, Kofman O, Livneh U, Henik A. Multidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation. Prog Neurobiol. 2007;82(5):256-86. [Crossref ] [PubMed]
  39. Davidson MC, Amso D, Anderson LC, Diamond A. Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia. 2006;44(11):2037-78. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  40. Rueda MR, Posner, MI, Rothbart MK. The development of executive attention: contributions to the emergence of self-regulation. Dev Neuropsychol. 2005;28(2):573-94. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  41. Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Developing mechanisms of self-regulation. Dev Psychopathol. 2000;12(3):427-41. [Crossref ]
  42. Levelt WJ. Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition. 1983;14(1):41-104. [Crossref]
  43. Jong JT, Kao T, Lee LY, Huang HH, Lo PT, Wang HC. Can temperament be understood at birth? The relationship between neonatal pain cry and their temperament: a preliminary study]. Infant Behav Dev. 2010;33(3):266-72. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  44. Neppl TK, Donnellan MB, Scaramella LV, Widaman KF, Spilman SK, Ontai LL, et al. Differential stability of temperament and personality from toddlerhood to middle childhood. J Res Pers. 2010;44(3):386-96. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]
  45. Craig A, Hancock K, Tran Y, Craig M. Anxiety levels in people who stutter: a randomized population study. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2003;46(5):1197-206. [Crossref]
  46. Blood G, Blood IM, Maloney K, Meyer C, Qualls CD. Anxiety levels in adolescents who stutter. J Commun Disord. 2007;40(6):452-69. [Crossref] [PubMed]
  47. Blood G, Blood I, Tellis G, Gabel R. Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence in adolescents who stutter. J Fluency Disord. 2001;26(3):161-8. [Crossref ]
  48. Riley G. Stuttering Severity Instrument for Children and Adults. 4th ed. Austin TX; 1994. p.1-10.
  49. Millard SK, Nicholas A, Cook FM. Is parentchild interaction therapy effective in reducing stuttering? J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2008;51(3):636-50. [Crossref ]
  50. Goodman SH, Lahey BB, Fielding B, Dulcan M, Narrow W, Regier D. Representativeness of clinical samples of youths with mental disorders: a preliminary population-based study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1997;106(1):3-14. [Crossref ] [PubMed]

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com