Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

.: RESEARCH
Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'in Kuruluşuna Kadar Osmanlı Sağlık Mevzuatına Genel Bir Bakış (1839-1922)
A General Overview of Ottoman Health Legislation from the Tanzimat to Establishment of the Republic (1839-1922)
Arif Hüdai KÖKENa , Ahmet NİZAMOĞLUb
aKırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik AD, Kırşehir, Türkiye
bSerbest Araştırmacı, Kırşehir, Türkiye
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2025;33(1):23-37
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2024-105351
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Osmanlı'da Tanzimat'ın ilanının ardından sağlık alanını kapsayan köklü reform hareketleri kendisini göstermiştir. Tanzimat Dönemi'nde devletin modernleşmesinin kanıtları sayılabilecek olan hukukî mevzuatlar oluşturulmuştur. Bu dönemde tıp, eczacılık ve baytarlığa yönelik birbiri ardına birçok düzenleme yürürlüğe girmiştir. Özellikle karantina uygulamaları, sivil tıp eğitiminin kurumsallaşması ve koruyucu sağlık hizmetlerine yönelik sağlık mevzuatları hazırlanmıştır. Tanzimat ile oluşturulmaya çalışılan müesses nizam II. Abdülhamid Dönemi'nde yeni sağlık mevzuatlarıyla pekiştirilmiştir. Bu dönemde dünyadaki sağlık alanında gelişmeler yakından takip edilerek çağdaş adımlar atılmıştır. II. Meşrutiyet yılları ise 10 yıl gibi kısa bir süreyi muhteva etmesine rağmen sağlık alanında en çok düzenlemenin yapıldığı dönem olmuştur. II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi'nde Balkan Savaşları, Trablusgarp Savaşı ve I. Dünya Savaşı'nın yaşanması devletin bütçesinin kontrol edilemez bir biçimde açık vermesine neden olmuştur. Cephedeki silahlı mücadelenin yanı sıra hastalıklarla baş etmeye çalışan devlet, ödeneklerle sıhhi durumu kontrol altına tutmaya çalışmıştır. I. Dünya Savaşı'nın ardından İstanbul'un işgal edilmesi sonucunda, işgal kuvvetlerinin etkisiyle sıhhi idareyi kontrol etmek amacıyla hudutla ilgili sıhhi mevzuatlar oluşturulmuştur. 2024 yılı Temmuz-Ağustos aylarında yapılan bu çalışmada, Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e kadar Osmanlı sağlık mevzuatının gelişimi, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Kütüphanesi Açık Erişim Koleksiyonu'ndan Düstûrlar ve Külliyât-ı Kavânîn kullanılarak dönemsel kategorilere ayrılıp kronolojik bir şekilde analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak yapılan düzenlemelerin uygulama sürecinde modern tıp uygulamalarının kendisine zemin bulduğu görülmekle birlikte, özellikle sağlık alanında yapılan düzenlemeler sayesinde modern hukuk anlayışıyla devletin yönetilmeye gayret edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Sağlık alanında yapılan bu düzenlemeler Osmanlı'nın son döneminde sadece ülke içi sıhhi dinamikleri değil, aynı zamanda uluslararası sıhhi dinamikleri de düzenleyecek ve kontrol altına alacak bir nitelikte olduğunu söylemek mümkündür.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Tıp tarihi; tıbbın modernleşmesi; Osmanlı tıbbı; Osmanlı sağlık mevzuatı
ABSTRACT
 Following the declaration of the Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire, profound reform movements in the field of health became evident. During the Tanzimat Period, legal regulations that can be considered as evidence of the state's modernization were established. During this period, numerous regulations concerning medicine, pharmacy, and veterinary science were enacted consecutively. Particularly, quarantine practices, the institutionalization of civil medical education, and health regulations related to preventive health services were developed. The institutional order sought to be established by the Tanzimat was reinforced during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II with new health regulations. During this era, contemporary steps were taken by closely following global developments in the health field. Despite its brief span of only 10 years, the II. Constitutional Era was the period with the most regulations in the health sector. The Balkan Wars, the Italo-Turkish (Trablusgarb) War, and World War I experienced during the II. Constitutional Era led to an uncontrollable budget deficit for the state. In addition to armed struggles at the front, the state endeavored to manage sanitary conditions through appropriations to control public health. Following World War I, after the occupation of Istanbul, sanitary regulations related to borders were established to control sanitary administration under the influence of the occupying forces. In this study, conducted in July-August 2024, the development of Ottoman health legislation from Tanzimat to the Republic was analyzed chronologically by dividing it into periodic categories using Düstûrs from the Open Access Collection of the Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Library and Külliyât-ı Kavânîn. As a result, although modern medical practices found a foundation in the implementation of these regulations, it is evident that efforts were made to manage the state according to modern legal understanding, particularly in the field of health. It can be said that these health regulations were intended to not only regulate and control domestic sanitary dynamics but also to address international sanitary dynamics during the late Ottoman period.

Keywords: History of medicine; modernisation of medicine; Ottoman medicine; Ottoman health legislation
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