Hastalık belirtilerinin başlaması ile ölüm arasındaki sürenin 24 saat veya daha az olduğu ölümler ani ölüm olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Sütçü sığırlarda karşılaşılan ani ölüm olgularının başlıca nedenleri; santral sinir sistemi, kardiyak, solunum sistemi, metabolik/toksik bozukluklar ve enfeksiyon hastalıkları başlıkları altında incelenmektedir. Sığırlarda atipik seyirli hastalıklara bağlı ani ölümler de gözlenmektedir. Süt işletmelerinde yürütülen çalışmalarda, ölüm oranlarının yaklaşık olarak %2-6 düzeyinde olduğu ve sığır ölümlerinin %55-76'sının ani ölüm olduğu bildirilmektedir. Sütçü sığır işletmelerinde ani ölüm oranları ve nedenlerinin belirlenmesi, spesifik ölüm nedenlerinin nekropsi ve laboratuvar temelli analizlerle tanımlanması mortalitenin kontrolünde önemlidir. Mortalite ile ilişkili enfeksiyöz ve enfeksiyöz olmayan hastalıkların tanımlanması ile birlikte, hastalık riskleri ve nedenlerinin azaltılmasına yönelik uygulamaların belirlenmesi gereklidir. Ani ölüm oranları, nedenleri ve risk faktörleri incelendiğinde, sürü sağlığı kontrol programlarının uygulanması ile ilgili eksikliklerin ön planda olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Temel problemler sürü gözlemi, hayvan refahı ve personel eğitimindeki yetersizlikler konularında yoğunlaşmaktadır. Sütçü sığır işletmelerinde mortalite oranlarının azaltılması için işletme yapısı ve özellikleri dikkate alınarak, düzenli bir kayıt sisteminin oluşturulması, kritik kontrol noktalarının ve sağlık yönetimi uygulamalarının tanımlanması, işletme çalışanlarının hayvan fizyolojisi, bakımı, beslenmesi ve hastalık belirtilerinin tanımlanması konusunda eğitilmesi, hayvan refahının geliştirilmesi ve tüm uygulamaların standart ölçümlerle izlenmesi gereklidir. Bu derlemede, sütçü sığır işletmelerinde ani ölümler, nedenleri ve teşhis yaklaşımları olgu temelli olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ani ölüm; sürü gözlemi; hayvan refahı; nekropsi; sığır
Deaths between the onset of the disease symptoms and death is 24 hours or less is considered as sudden death. The main causes of sudden death encountered in dairy cattle; central nervous system, cardiac, respiratory system, metabolic/toxic disorders and infectious diseases. Also, sudden deaths due to atypical disease areal soobserved in cattle. In studies conducted in dairy farms, it is reported that mortality rates are approximately 2-6% and 55-76% of cattle deaths are sudden death. It is important to determine sudden death rates and causes, to define specific causes of death by necropsy and laboratory-based analysis are important in controlling mortality in dairy farms. Associated with mortality, it is necessary to determine herd management practices to reduce risks and causes of disease along with identifying infectious and noninfectious diseases. When sudden death rates, causes, and risk factors are explored, it is noteworthy that the deficiencies related to the implementation of health control programs are at the forefront. The main problems are focusing on herd monitoring, animal welfare, and inadequate training of staff. In order to reduce the mortality rates in dairy farms, taking in to account the structure and characteristics of the enterprise, establishing a regular registration system, defining critical points and herd health management practices, training of the employees in animal physiology, care, nutrition and identification of disease symptoms, improving animal welfare and it is necessary to monitor with standard measurements all practices. In this review, sudden deaths, causes, and diagnostic approaches in dairy farms are evaluated as case-based.
Keywords: Sudden death; herd monitoring; animal welfare; necropsy; cattle
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