Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

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Şamanik Ritüellerde Kullanılan Entojenlerin Tıp Tarihi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Geleneksel Derleme
Evaluation of Entheogens Used in Shamanic Rituals in the Concept of History of Medicine: Traditional Review
İlkim KARAKAPICIa, Müge DEMİRa
aHacettepe Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Tıp Tarihi ve Etik ABD, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2022;30(1):96-104
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2021-85821
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Şamanizm, kabile çağlarından günümüze ulaşmış bir inanç sistemidir. Yaşamı anlamlandırmaya çalışan ve doğanın bir parçası olan insanların ihtiyaç ve sıkıntılarının giderilmesi amacıyla ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu dünyadaki günlük yaşam sorunlarının, öteki dünyanın müdahalesi olduğu ve öbür dünyadaki ruhlarla iletişim kurulduğu düşünülen bu inanç sisteminde, Şamanların vecd tekniği uygulayarak yaptığı ritüeller önemli yer tutmaktadır. Vecde ulaşmak, bir diğer anlamıyla ekstaz hâli, bilinç durumunun değişimi olarak ifade edilmektedir. Şamanlar, bu konuma ulaşabilmek için trans durumunu tetikleyici davranışlarda bulunmaktadırlar. Vecd hâline geçmenin bir yolu da psikedelik (entojen) maddeler tüketmektir. Özellikle Güney Amerika'daki Şamanlar, ekstazik konuma geçebilmek için bu ritüellerde çeşitli halusinojenler (entojenler) kullanmaktadır. Günümüzde Şamanlık yapan kimseler ve entojen kullanılarak yapılan Şaman ritüelleri mevcuttur. Yaşamında anlam arayan modern insan, spiritüel gelişme, ruh sağlığı ve duygusal anlamda iyileşme amacıyla bu ritüellere katılmaktadır. Bu maddelerin yararları ve zararları tam bilinmemekle beraber psikedelik maddelerin, ruh hastalıklarının tedavilerinde kullanıldığı deneysel çalışmalar da mevcuttur. Şamanizm inancına göre kutsal sayılan bu maddelerin, günümüzde tedavi amacıyla kullanılabileceğinin düşünülmesi ilginçtir. Bu makalenin amacı, temel olarak Şaman ritüellerinde ruhlar âlemi ile bağlantıya geçmek için yapılan ritüellerde, kullanılan entojenleri toplu biçimde ele almak ve değerlendirmektir. Çeşitli ülkelerde tıbbi kullanımları araştırılan psikedelik maddelerin tarihteki yerinin, etnobotanik ve psikiyatri çalışmaları yapan kişilerce bilinmesinin ufuk açıcı olacağını düşünmekteyiz

Anahtar Kelimeler: Şamanizm; tıp tarihi; entojen; şaman ayini; psikedelik
ABSTRACT
 Shamanism is a belief system that has survived from tribal times. It emerged in order to meet the needs and solve the problems of people who are trying to make sense of life and are a part of nature. In this belief system, which is thought the problems of daily life are the interference of the other world and to communicate with the spirits in the next world, it is important that rites performed by Shamans in ecstasize state. To be raptured in other words ecstasy status refer to altered states of consciousness. In order to reach this position, Shamans act to trigger the trance state. One way to ecstasize is to consume psychedelic (entheogens) substances. Shamans use various hallucinogens (entheogens) in these rituals in order to achieve ecstasy status, especially in South America. In this day and age, there are Shamans and Shamanic rituals with entheogens. The modern people, who is looking for meaning their lives, participates in these rituals for the purpose of spiritual development, mental health and emotional healing. The benefits and harms of these substances are not fully known, there are also experimental studies in which psychedelic substances are used in the treatment of mental illnesses. It is interesting to think applying these substances in order to healing today which are sacred according to the belief of Shamanism. The purpose of this article is basically in Shaman rituals, the ceremony of the connection with the spirit world, collecting and evaluating the entheogens are used. We think that knowing the historical place of psychedelic substances, whose medical uses have been researched in various countries, will be eye-opening for people who work in ethnobotany and psychiatry.

Keywords: Shamanism; history of medicine; entheogen; shamanic ritual; psychedelic
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