Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History

.: REVIEW
Sağlık İşletmelerinde Etiği Anlamak
Understanding Ethics in Health Businesses
Aygül YANIKa
aİstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Sağlık Yönetimi Bölümü, İstanbul, TÜRKİYE
Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Ethics. 2021;29(1):126-37
doi: 10.5336/mdethic.2020-74772
Article Language: TR
Full Text
ÖZET
 Sağlık işletmeleri, bireylerin ve toplumun sağlık gereksinimlerini karşılamayı ve sağlık statüsünü geliştirmeyi amaçlayan işletmelerdir. Yöneticilerin temel görevi, kaliteli, etkili ve verimli sağlık hizmeti sunulmasını sağlamaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, sağlık işletmelerinde etik kavramı, etik sorunlar, etik karar verme, yönetim etiği ve etiği geliştirmek için yöneticilerin bilmesi gereken hususların belirtilmesi ve etiğin anlaşılmasına yardımcı olmaktır. Etik, doğru ya da yanlış davranışı tanımlayan kurallar ya da ilkeler olarak tanımlanır. Etik, daima doğru olan şeyi yapmaya çalışmaktadır. Etik ikilem, iki ya da daha fazla ilke çatıştığında ortaya çıkar. İşletmelerde etik ikilem; içsel, kişiler arası, örgüt içi, örgütler arası ve sağlık sistemi çapında ortaya çıkabilir. Etik karar verme, geçmiş ve mevcut durumları dikkate alarak gerçekleşen eylemi değerlendirmek ve en uygun hükmü vermektir. Etik karar verme, temel değerler, yararlılık ve genel ilkelere dayanır. Sağlık işletmelerinde en temel değerler; yararlılık ve zarar vermemedir. Etik değerlendirme, sorunların tespiti ve diğer insanlara potansiyel etkisiyle başlar. Daha sonra ilkeler tanımlanır, bir seçim yapılır ve eyleme geçilir. Sağlık işletmeleri yöneticileri, örgütsel faaliyetlerinde etik kurallara uygun davranmak zorundadırlar. Yöneticiler etiğe dayanan uygulamaları, tartışmaları teşvik etme, etik ilkeleri yansıtma, uzmanlara danışma, örgütsel politikaları gözden geçirme ve etik denetimlerle destekleyebilirler. Bu çalışmanın sağlık işletmeleri etik literatürüne katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Etik; işletme etiği; etik karar verme; etik değerlendirme
ABSTRACT
 Health businesses are businesses that aim to meet the health needs of individuals and the community and improve health status. The main task of the managers is to provide quality, effective and efficient health services. The purpose of this study is to help understand of the concept of ethics, ethical problems, ethical decision making, management ethics in health businesses and what managers need to know in order to develop ethics. Ethics is defined as rules or principles that define right or wrong behavior. Ethics always tries to do the right thing. An ethical dilemma occurs when two or more principles conflict. Ethical dilemma in businesses; it can occur internally, interpersonally, intra-organizationally, inter-organizationally, and across the health system. Ethical decision making is to evaluate the action taking into account the past and current situations and to make the most appropriate decision. Ethical decision making is based on core values, usefulness and general principles. The most basic values in health businesses are usefulness and harmlessness. Ethical assessment begins with the detection of problems and their potential impact on other people. Then the principles are defined, a choice is made and action is taken. Health business managers must comply with ethical rules in their organizational activities. Managers can support ethical practices through promoting discussions, reflecting ethical principles, consultation with experts, reviewing organizational policies, and ethical audits. It is expected this study contributes to the ethics literature of health businesses.

Keywords: Ethics; business ethics; ethical decision making; ethical evaluation
REFERENCES:
  1. Sert G, Kaynak R, Sert T. Sağlık kurumlarında etik. Kaptanoğlu AY, editör. Sağlık Yönetimi. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Beşir Kitabevi; 2011. p.487-91.
  2. Alpinar Z, Civaner M, Ors Y. Rationing healthcare: Should life-style be used as a criterion? Anadolu Kardiyol Derg. 2010;10:367-71.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  3. Angelo RM, Vladimir, AN. Ethics in hospitality management. An İntroduction to Hospitality Today. 2nd ed. United States of America: Educational Institute; 1994. p.425-49.
  4. Baron E, Benoliel M, Bourne M, Bourne P, Doke D, Hobbs P, et al. The ten essential skills for achieving high performance. The Book of Management. First publishing. London: Dorling Kindersley; 2010. p.60-2.
  5. Demirhan Erdemir A. Tıpta Etik ve Deontoloji (Yirmibirinci Yüzyılda). 1. Bölüm: Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Tıp Etiğinde ve Tıbbi Deontolojide Gelişmeler. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2011. p.65-7.
  6. Karalar R. [General business. Unit 5: Business ethics and social responsibility (Ethical-ritual rules)]. Ed.: Zeytinoğlu GN. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi. 2001. p.71-94. (Kaynak bulunamadı, link bilgisi verilmelidir.)
  7. Tappen RM. Nursing leadership and management concept and practice. Workplace Ethics. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Davis Company; 2001. p.413-34.
  8. Kara MA. Applicability of the principle of respect for autonomy: the perspective of Turkey. J Med Ethics. 2007;33(11):627-30.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  9. Çimen M. Political ethics and health policy. Tengilimoğlu D, editör. Sağlık Politikası. 7. Bölüm: Politik etik ve sağlık politikası. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Nobel Akademik; 2018. p.111-23.
  10. Zumla A, Costello A. Ethics of healthcare research in developing countries. J R Soc Med. 2002;95(6):275-6.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  11. Meulenbergs T, Vermylen J, Schotsmans PT. The current state of clinical ethics and healthcare ethics committees in Belgium. J Med Ethics. 2005;31(6):318-21.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  12. Kadioglu FG. An ethical analysis of performance-based supplementary payment in Turkey's healthcare system. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2016;25(3):493-6.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  13. Civaner MM, Vatansever K, Pala K. Ethical problems in an era where disasters have become a part of daily life: a qualitative study of healthcare workers in Turkey. PLoS One. 2017;20;12(3):e0174162.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  14. Stolt M, Leino-Kilpi H, Ruokonen M, Repo H, Suhonen R. Ethics interventions for healthcare professionals and students: a systematic review. Nurs Ethics. 2018;25(2):133-52.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  15. Groenewoud AS, Westert GP, Kremer JAM. Value based competition in health care's ethical drawbacks and the need for a values-driven approach. BMC Health Services Research. 2019;19(256):1-6.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  16. Tengilimoğlu D, Işık O, Akbolat M. Patier rights and ethics in health businesses. Bölüm 17: Sağlık işletmelerinde hasta hakları ve etik. Sağlık İşletmeleri Yönetimi. Geliştirilmiş 3. Basım. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım; 2011. p.451-73.
  17. Hattab AS. Current trends in teaching ethics of healthcare practices. Dev World Bioeth. 2004;4(2):160-72.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  18. Adhikari S, Paudel K, Aro AR, Adhikari TB, Adhikari B, Mishra SR, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare ethics among resident doctors and ward nurses from a resource poor setting, Nepal. BMC Med Ethics. 2016;8;17(1):68.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  19. Kavuncubaşı Ş, Yıldırım S. Bölüm 9: Hastane yöneticisi. Hastane ve Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi; 2015. p.173-204.
  20. Braunack-Mayer AJ. What makes a problem an ethical problem? An empirical perspective on the nature of ethical problems in general practice. J Med Ethics. 2001;27(2):98-103.[Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC] 
  21. Kırılmaz H, Kılıç Kırılmaz S. [Benefits of empirical ethics practices in ethical dilemmas in health care]. İnsan&İnsan. 2014;1(Yaz):35-44.[Crossref] 
  22. Bruning P, Baghurst T. Improving ethical decision making in health care leadership. Bus Eco J. 2013;4(2):1-5.[Link] 
  23. Resmî Gazete (13.4.2005, Sayı: 25785) sayılı Kamu Görevlileri Etik Davranış İlkeleri ile Başvuru Usul ve Esasları Hakkında Yönetmelik; 2005.[Link] 
  24. Oztürk H. Development of an administrative ethical behaviour scale. Nurs Ethics. 2012;19(2):289-303.[Crossref] [PubMed] 
  25. Saylı H, Kızıldağ D. [Managerial ethics and to the analyze role of human resource management in formation of managerial ethics]. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2012;9(1):232-51.[Link] 
  26. Hindle T. Şensoy Ü, çeviri editörü. Bölüm 1: Yönetim Fikirleri. [Management Ideas]. Yönetimde Çığır Açan Fikirler ve Gurular. 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları; 2014. p.1-309.
  27. Kaptein M. The moral entrepreneur: a new component of ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics. 2019;156(4):1135-50.[Crossref] 

.: Up To Date

.: Process List

Login

 Forgot your password?

 New Registration  

Contact

Ortadoğu Reklam Tanıtım Yayıncılık Turizm Eğitim İnşaat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.

.: Address

Turkocagi Caddesi No:30 06520 Balgat / ANKARA
Phone: +90 312 286 56 56
Fax: +90 312 220 04 70
E-mail: info@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Manuscript Editing Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 2
E-mail: yaziisleri@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: English Language Redaction

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 145
E-mail: tkyayindestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Marketing Sales-Project Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 142
E-mail: reklam@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Subscription and Public Relations Department

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: abone@turkiyeklinikleri.com

.: Customer Services

Phone: +90 312 286 56 56/ 118
E-mail: satisdestek@turkiyeklinikleri.com

1. TERMS OF USE

1.1. To use the web pages with http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name or the websites reached through the sub domain names attached to the domain name (They will be collectively referred as "SITE"), please read the conditions below. If you do not accept these terms, please cease to use the "SITE." "SITE" owner reserves the right to change the information on the website, forms, contents, the "SITE," "SITE" terms of use anytime they want.

1.2. The owner of the "SITE" is Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. (From now on it is going to be referred as "Turkiye Klinikleri", shortly) and it resides at Turkocagi cad. No:30, 06520 Balgat Ankara. The services in the "SITE" are provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.3. Anyone accessing the "SITE" with or without a fee whether they are a natural person or a legal identity is considered to agree these terms of use. In this contract hereby, "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the stated terms anytime. These changes will be published in the "SITE" periodically and they will be valid when they are published. Any natural person or legal identity benefiting from and reaching to the "SITE" are considered to be agreed to any change on hereby contract terms done by "Turkiye Klinikleri."

1.4. The "Terms of Use" hereby is published in the website with the last change on March 30th 2014 and the "SITE" is activated by enabling the access to everyone. The "Terms of Use" hereby is also a part of the any "USER Contract" was and/or will be done with the users using "Turkiye Klinikleri" services with or without a fee an inseparable.

2. DEFINITIONS

2.1. "SITE": A website offering different kind of services and context with a certain frame determined by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and it is accessible on-line on http://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com domain name and/or subdomains connected to the domain name.

2.2. USER: A natural person or a legal identity accessing to the "SITE" through online settings.

2.3. LINK: A link enabling to access to another website through the "SITE", the files, the context or through another website to the "SITE", the files and the context.

2.4. CONTEXT: Any visual, literary and auditory images published in the "Turkiye Klinikleri", "SITE" and/or any website or any accessible information, file, picture, number/figures, price, etc.

2.5. "USER CONTRACT": An electronically signed contract between a natural or a legal identity benefiting from special services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide and "Turkiye Klinikleri".

3. SCOPE OF THE SERVICES

3.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine the scope and quality of the services via the "SITE".

3.2. To benefit the services of "Turkiye Klinikleri" "SITE", the "USER" must deliver the features that will be specified by "Turkiye Klinikleri". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change this necessity any time single-sided.

3.3. Not for a limited number, the services "Turkiye Klinikleri" will provide through the "SITE" for a certain price or for free are;

- Providing scientific articles, books and informative publications for health industry.

- Providing structural, statistical and editorial support to article preparation stage for scientific journals.

4. GENERAL PROVISIONS

4.1. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is completely free to determine which of the services and contents provided in the "SITE" will be charged.

4.2. People benefiting from the services provided by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and using the website can use the "SITE" only according to the law and only for personal reasons. Users have the criminal and civil liability for every process and action they take in the "SITE". Every USER agrees, declares and undertakes that they will not proceed by any function or action infringement of rights of "Turkiye Klinikleri"s and/or other third parties', they are the exclusive right holder on usage, processing, storage, made public and revealing any written, visual or auditory information reported to Turkiye Klinikleri" and/or "SITE" to the third parties. "USER" agrees and undertakes that s/he will not duplicate, copy, distribute, process, the pictures, text, visual and auditory images, video clips, files, databases, catalogs and lists within the "SITE", s/he will not be using these actions or with other ways to compete with "Turkiye Klinikleri", directly or indirectly.

4.3. The services provided and the context published within the "SITE" by third parties is not under the responsibility of "Turkiye Klinikleri", institutions collaborated with "Turkiye Klinikleri", "Turkiye Klinikleri" employee and directors, "Turkiye Klinikleri" authorized salespeople. Commitment to accuracy and legality of the published information, context, visual and auditory images provided by any third party are under the full responsibility of the third party. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not promise and guarantee the safety, accuracy and legality of the services and context provided by a third party.

4.4. "USER"s cannot act against "Turkiye Klinikleri", other "USER"s and third parties by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" has no direct and/or indirect responsibility for any damage a third party suffered or will suffer regarding "USER"s actions on the "SITE" against the rules of the hereby "Terms of Use" and the law.

4.5. "USER"s accept and undertake that the information and context they provided to the "SITE" are accurate and legal. "Turkiye Klinikleri" is not liable and responsible for promising and guaranteeing the verification of the information and context transmitted to "Turkiye Klinikleri" by the "USER"s, or uploaded, changed and provided through the "SITE" by them and whether these information are safe, accurate and legal.

4.6. "USER"s agree and undertake that they will not perform any action leading to unfair competition, weakening the personal and commercial credit of "Turkiye Klinikleri" and a third party,  encroaching and attacking on personal rights within the "SITE" in accordance with the Turkish Commercial Code Law.

4.7. "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the right to change the services and the context within the "SITE"  anytime. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use this right without any notification and timelessly. "USER"s have to make the changes and/or corrections "Turkiye Klinikleri" required immediately. Any changes and/or corrections that are required by "Turkiye Klinikleri", may be made by "Turkiye Klinikleri" when needed. Any harm, criminal and civil liability resulted or will result from changes and/or corrections required by "Turkiye Klinikleri" and were not made on time by the "USER"s belongs completely to the users.

4.8. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may give links through the "SITE" to other websites and/or "CONTEXT"s and/or folders that are outside of their control and owned and run by third parties. These links are provided for ease of reference only and do not hold qualification for support the respective web SITE or the admin or declaration or guarantee for the information inside. "Turkiye Klinikleri" does not hold any responsibility over the web-sites connected through the links on the "SITE", folders and context, the services or products on the websites provided through these links or their context.

4.9. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may use the information provided to them by the "USERS" through the "SITE" in line with the terms of the "PRIVACY POLICY" and "USER CONTRACT". It may process the information or classify and save them on a database. "Turkiye Klinikleri" may also use the USER's or visitor's identity, address, e-mail address, phone number, IP number, which sections of the "SITE" they visited, domain type, browser type, date and time information to provide statistical evaluation and customized services.

5. PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

5.1. The information accessed through this "SITE" or provided by the users legally and all the elements (including but not limited to design, text, image, html code and other codes) of the "SITE" (all of them will be called as studies tied to "Turkiye Klinikleri"s copyrights) belongs to "Turkiye Klinikleri". Users do not have the right to resell, process, share, distribute, display or give someone permission to access or to use the "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information and the products under copyright protection by "Turkiye Klinikleri". Within hereby "Terms of Use" unless explicitly permitted by "Turkiye Klinikleri" nobody can reproduce, process, distribute or produce or prepare any study from those under "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyright protection.

5.2. Within hereby "Terms of Use", "Turkiye Klinikleri" reserves the rights for "Turkiye Klinikleri" services, "Turkiye Klinikleri" information, the products associated with "Turkiye Klinikleri" copyrights, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trademarks, "Turkiye Klinikleri" trade looks or its all rights for other entity and information it has through this website unless it is explicitly authorized by "Turkiye Klinikleri".

6. CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF USE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" in its sole discretion may change the hereby "Terms of Use" anytime announcing within the "SITE". The changed terms of the hereby "Terms of Use" will become valid when they are announced. Hereby "Terms of Use" cannot be changed by unilateral declarations of users.

7. FORCE MAJEURE

"Turkiye Klinikleri" is not responsible for executing late or never of this hereby "Terms of Use", privacy policy and "USER Contract" in any situation legally taken into account as force majeure. Being late or failure of performance or non-defaulting of this and similar cases like this will not be the case from the viewpoint of "Turkiye Klinikleri", and "Turkiye Klinikleri" will not have any damage liability for these situations. "Force majeure" term will be regarded as outside of the concerned party's reasonable control and any situation that "Turkiye Klinikleri" cannot prevent even though it shows due diligence. Also, force majeure situations include but not limited to natural disasters, rebellion, war, strike, communication problems, infrastructure and internet failure, power cut and bad weather conditions.

8. LAW AND AUTHORISATION TO FOLLOW

Turkish Law will be applied in practicing, interpreting the hereby "Terms of Use" and managing the emerging legal relationships within this "Terms of Use" in case of finding element of foreignness, except for the rules of Turkish conflict of laws. Ankara Courts and Enforcement Offices are entitled in any controversy happened or may happen due to hereby contract.

9. CLOSING AND AGREEMENT

Hereby "Terms of Use" come into force when announced in the "SITE" by "Turkiye Klinikleri". The users are regarded to agree to hereby contract terms by using the "SITE". "Turkiye Klinikleri" may change the contract terms and the changes will be come into force by specifying the version number and the date of change on time it is published in the "SITE".

 

30.03.2014

Privacy Policy

We recommend you to read the terms of use below before you visit our website. In case you agree these terms, following our rules will be to your favor. Please read our Terms of Use thoroughly.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com website belongs to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. and is designed in order to inform physicians in the field of health

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot reach to user’s identity, address, service providers or other information. The users may send this information to the website through forms if they would like to. However, www.turkiyeklinikleri.com may collect your hardware and software information. The information consists of your IP address, browser type, operating system, domain name, access time, and related websites. www.turkiyeklinikleri.com cannot sell the provided user information (your name, e-mail address, home and work address, phone number) to the third parties, publish it publicly, or keep it in the website. Gathered information has a directing feature to be a source for the website’s visitor profile, reporting and promotion of the services.

www.turkiyeklinikleri.com uses the taken information:

-To enhance, improve and maintain the quality of the website

-To generate visitor’s profile and statistical data

-To determine the tendency of the visitors on using our website

-To send print publications/correspondences

-To send press releases or notifications through e-mail

-To generate a list for an event or competition

By using www.turkiyeklinikleri.com you are considered to agree that;

-Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. cannot be hold responsible for any user’s illegal and immoral behavior,

-Terms of use may change from time to time,

-It is not responsible for other websites’ contents it cannot control or the harms they may cause although it uses the connection they provided.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. may block the website to users in the following events:

-Information with wrong, incomplete, deceiving or immoral expressions is recorded to the website,

-Proclamation, advertisement, announcement, libelous expressions are used against natural person or legal identity,

-During various attacks to the website,

-Disruption of the website because of a virus.

Written, visual and audible materials of the website, including the code and the software are under protection by legal legislation.

Without the written consent of Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. the information on the website cannot be downloaded, changed, reproduced, copied, republished, posted or distributed.

All rights of the software and the design of the website belong to Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc.

Ortadoğu Advertisement Presentation Publishing Tourism Education Architecture Industry and Trade Inc. will be pleased to hear your comments about our terms of use. Please share the subjects you think may enrich our website or if there is any problem regarding our website.

info@turkiyeklinikleri.com